{"id":3562,"date":"2020-08-08T10:00:42","date_gmt":"2020-08-08T14:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_diseases_conds&p=3562"},"modified":"2026-08-03T17:01:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T21:01:56","slug":"middle-ear-equalization","status":"publish","type":"dan_diseases_conds","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/health-medicine\/health-resources\/diseases-conditions\/middle-ear-equalization\/","title":{"rendered":"Compensaci\u00f3n del O\u00eddo Medio"},"content":{"rendered":"

La compensaci\u00f3n del o\u00eddo medio es una habilidad b\u00e1sica y esencial para los buceadores, que permite igualar la presi\u00f3n de los senos paranasales y los espacios del o\u00eddo medio con la presi\u00f3n ambiental. Para bucear con seguridad y evitar lesiones en el o\u00eddo medio, debes comprender los efectos de los cambios de presi\u00f3n y aprender a introducir aire de forma activa en los o\u00eddos medios a trav\u00e9s de las trompas de Eustaquio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mecanismos de ecualizaci\u00f3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

O\u00eddo medio<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

La cavidad del o\u00eddo medio est\u00e1 delimitada por estructuras r\u00edgidas, salvo el t\u00edmpano. Cuando la presi\u00f3n ambiental aumenta, la \u00fanica forma de que disminuya el volumen del o\u00eddo medio es mediante el abombamiento del t\u00edmpano hacia el interior de la cavidad del o\u00eddo medio. Una vez que el t\u00edmpano se ha estirado hasta su l\u00edmite, no es posible reducir m\u00e1s el volumen de la cavidad del o\u00eddo medio. Si se sigue descendiendo, la presi\u00f3n en la cavidad del o\u00eddo medio sigue siendo inferior a la del entorno. La \u00fanica forma de modificar esta diferencia de presi\u00f3n es introducir gas en el espacio del o\u00eddo medio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En un o\u00eddo medio normal, la trompa de Eustaquio, que se conecta con la cavidad nasal, es la \u00fanica v\u00eda para que entre aire. Las trompas de Eustaquio suelen estar cerradas. Cada vez que tragamos saliva o bostezamos, los m\u00fasculos de la garganta permiten una peque\u00f1a apertura transitoria, suficiente para ventilar el o\u00eddo medio y compensar los cambios de presi\u00f3n. Nada supone un mayor reto para nuestros o\u00eddos y nuestras trompas de Eustaquio que el buceo con botella y el buceo en apnea. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descenso<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A medida que los buceadores descienden, la presi\u00f3n ambiental aumenta linealmente a un ritmo de media libra por pulgada cuadrada (psi) por cada pie (o 0,1 kg\/cm\u00b2 por cada metro). Este aumento afecta a los tejidos y fluidos corporales. La ley de Boyle describe c\u00f3mo disminuye el volumen de un gas cuando aumenta la presi\u00f3n, siempre que la cantidad (masa) de gas y la temperatura se mantengan constantes. Una peque\u00f1a diferencia de presi\u00f3n provocar\u00e1 una fuga de l\u00edquido y un sangrado del t\u00edmpano y de la mucosa que recubre la cavidad del o\u00eddo medio (barotrauma auditivo). O\u2019Neill, grado 1<\/strong><\/a>). Cuando la diferencia de presi\u00f3n alcanza los 5 psi (0,35 bar), el t\u00edmpano puede romperse en algunos buceadores. Si la diferencia de presi\u00f3n es superior a 10 psi (0,75 bar), se producir\u00e1 una rotura en la mayor\u00eda de los buceadores (barotrauma auricular O\u2019Neill, grado 2<\/a><\/strong>). Los cambios bruscos y significativos de presi\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n pueden provocar lesiones en el o\u00eddo interno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ascenso<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Durante el ascenso, la presi\u00f3n ambiental disminuye y, si el gas no tiene c\u00f3mo salir de la cavidad del o\u00eddo medio, la presi\u00f3n en el o\u00eddo medio permanece elevada. Cuando la presi\u00f3n en el o\u00eddo medio supera la presi\u00f3n ambiental entre 15 y 80 cent\u00edmetros de agua (cm H\u2082O) \u2014lo que equivale a un ascenso en el agua de entre 6 pulgadas y 2,5 pies\u2014, las trompas de Eustaquio se abren y el exceso de gas se escapa. Si los o\u00eddos no se igualan al mismo ritmo y la diferencia de presi\u00f3n alcanza unos 66 cm H\u2082O (equivalentes a 2 pies de agua), v\u00e9rtigo alternob\u00e1rico<\/strong><\/a> pueden producirse. Las infecciones de las v\u00edas respiratorias superiores, la fiebre del heno, las alergias, el consumo de drogas por v\u00eda nasal, el tabaquismo o un tabique nasal desviado pueden dificultar la compensaci\u00f3n de presi\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e9cnicas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Cuando se aplican correctamente, las siguientes t\u00e9cnicas de compensaci\u00f3n resultan eficaces para la compensaci\u00f3n del o\u00eddo medio y los senos paranasales en buceadores sanos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Pasiva: <\/strong>No requiere ning\u00fan esfuerzo; se produce durante el ascenso<\/li>
  • Apertura voluntaria de las trompas de Falopio: <\/strong>Bosteza o mueve la mand\u00edbula<\/li>
  • Maniobra de Valsalva: <\/strong>T\u00e1pate las fosas nasales y exhala suavemente por la nariz.<\/li>
  • Maniobra de Toynbee: <\/strong>T\u00e1pate las fosas nasales y traga saliva (\u00fatil para compensar la presi\u00f3n durante el ascenso)<\/li>
  • Maniobra de Frenzel:<\/strong> T\u00e1pate las fosas nasales mientras contraes los m\u00fasculos de la garganta y pronuncia el sonido de la letra K<\/em><\/li>
  • T\u00e9cnica de Lowry: <\/strong>T\u00e1pate las fosas nasales e intenta exhalar suavemente por la nariz mientras tragas saliva (una combinaci\u00f3n de las maniobras de Valsalva y Toynbee).<\/li>
  • T\u00e9cnica de Edmonds: <\/strong>Mueve la mand\u00edbula hacia delante y realiza la maniobra de Valsalva o de Frenzel.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    CONSEJOS PARA LA COMPENSACI\u00d3N<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    • Antes de descender, mientras te encuentres en flotabilidad neutra y sin aire en tu chaleco, aplica con suavidad una de las t\u00e9cnicas indicadas para equilibrar la presi\u00f3n en los o\u00eddos medios y los senos paranasales a medida que desciendes.<\/li>
    • Desciende en vertical, con los pies por delante, para que el aire pueda ascender de forma natural hacia la trompa de Eustaquio y el o\u00eddo medio. Utiliza una cuerda de descenso o la cuerda de anclaje para controlar tu velocidad.<\/li>
    • Equilibra la presi\u00f3n de los o\u00eddos con suavidad cada pocos pies durante los primeros 10 a 15 pies.<\/li>
    • El dolor no es aceptable. Si sientes dolor, es que has descendido sin igualar la presi\u00f3n de forma adecuada. Sube unos pies hasta que el dolor desaparezca.<\/li>
    • Si no notas que se te despejan los o\u00eddos, deja de descender e int\u00e9ntalo de nuevo. Es posible que tengas que ascender unos pies para reducir la presi\u00f3n ambiental. No subas y bajes bruscamente.<\/li>
    • Puede resultar \u00fatil inclinar el o\u00eddo taponado hacia la superficie.<\/li>
    • Si no puedes compensar la presi\u00f3n, interrumpe la inmersi\u00f3n. Las consecuencias de descender sin compensar la presi\u00f3n podr\u00edan arruinar todo el viaje de buceo o provocar da\u00f1os permanentes o p\u00e9rdida de audici\u00f3n.<\/li>
    • Si en cualquier momento durante la inmersi\u00f3n sientes dolor, v\u00e9rtigo o una p\u00e9rdida repentina de la audici\u00f3n, interrumpe la inmersi\u00f3n. Si estos s\u00edntomas persisten, no vuelvas a bucear y consulta a tu m\u00e9dico.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Medicamentos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      • Algunos buceadores utilizan descongestionantes (medicamentos orales o aerosoles nasales) antes de bucear para reducir la inflamaci\u00f3n de las trompas de Eustaquio y las fosas nasales. Consulta con tu m\u00e9dico antes de utilizar estos medicamentos antes de bucear y ten en cuenta que, si su efecto desapareciera durante la inmersi\u00f3n, podr\u00eda producirse un bloqueo inverso.<\/li>
      • Ten cuidado al utilizar aerosoles nasales de venta libre. Su uso repetido puede provocar una reacci\u00f3n de rebote que d\u00e9 lugar a una mayor congesti\u00f3n y a un posible bloqueo inverso durante el ascenso.<\/li>
      • Los descongestionantes pueden tener efectos secundarios. No los utilices antes de una inmersi\u00f3n si no tienes experiencia previa con ellos y no sabes c\u00f3mo te afectar\u00e1n.<\/li><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Middle-ear equalization is an essential skill for divers. Understanding how pressure changes affect the air spaces in your ears and sinuses will aid your understanding of how the various equalization techniques work. <\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":10002,"template":"","dan_diseases_conditions_tags":[],"class_list":["post-3562","dan_diseases_conds","type-dan_diseases_conds","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMiddle-Ear Equalization - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Middle-ear equalization is a basic and necessary diving skill. 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