{"id":14549,"date":"2017-05-01T10:20:30","date_gmt":"2017-05-01T14:20:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&#038;p=14549"},"modified":"2026-04-21T12:11:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T16:11:31","slug":"your-lungs-and-diving","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/your-lungs-and-diving\/","title":{"rendered":"Your Lungs and Diving"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20778.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Diving imposes significant challenges to the respiratory system. Lung conditions are among the most common reasons people fail diving medical examinations \u2014 and of course we depend on our lungs for survival. Thus it is important that divers know what limitations to pulmonary function occur while diving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gas Exchange<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The lungs\u2019 most important function is to facilitate gas exchange: supplying oxygen to the bloodstream and extracting and exhaling carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). Of these two processes, the exhalation of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is actually the main driver of breathing. The CO<sub>2<\/sub> combines with the water in the blood to form carbonic acid (which dissociates as hydrogen and bicarbonate ions).<sup>1<\/sup> The change in the pH of the blood is sensed by the brain and serves as the trigger to stimulate breathing. To maintain the pH balance in the blood, the lungs must be able to \u201cblow off\u201d the CO<sub>2<\/sub> that is produced by the body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20790.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To do so, a certain volume of air is used to dilute the CO<sub>2<\/sub> in the alveoli of the lungs by means of inhalation and exhalation. A given amount of exercise also causes a corresponding amount of CO<sub>2<\/sub> to be produced by the body, and the same amount of alveolar ventilation is required to eliminate the CO<sub>2<\/sub> regardless of whether a person is at the surface or at depth. Divers\u2019 bodies have to work harder to eliminate CO<sub>2<\/sub> during dives and have a limited capacity to perform this work. The following eight factors are among the primary reasons for why this happens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Breathing-Gas Density Increases with Depth<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Divers\u2019 breathing gas is compressed by the increased ambient pressure at depth. A volume of gas at depth contains more molecules than the same volume of gas at the surface. Increased density also increases the viscosity of the gas, which means that it is more difficult to breathe the same volume of gas at depth. One study indicated that at a depth of 100 feet, the maximum volume of gas that you can inhale and exhale in one minute (maximum voluntary ventilation) is approximately half of what it would be at the surface. Likewise, the volume of gas that you can forcefully exhale in one second is reduced by almost 10 percent at 33 feet and about 13 percent at 100 feet. The maximum flow rate that you can produce (peak expiratory flow rate) is reduced by about 23 percent at 33 feet and by 39 percent at 100 feet. These are significant limitations on divers\u2019 respiratory systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20791.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>A diver performs a predive check to confirm proper gear function.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Physiological Effects of Immersion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>During immersion, blood that is normally distributed to the limbs moves into the body\u2019s central space (i.e., the chest). About 700 ml of blood is shifted in this manner, and a large portion of it is accommodated by the blood vessels of the heart and lungs. This makes the lungs stiffer, meaning they have reduced elastic recoil and that breathing requires more effort than normal. The blood also takes up volume. This means that the total volume of the lungs would be reduced as a result of the fluid shifts. Wearing a tight-fitting wetsuit compounds this redistribution of fluid, shifting additional blood into the central space by compressing the blood vessels in the limbs. Further promoting this fluid shift is when diving occurs in a relatively cold environment, meaning that peripheral vasoconstriction also contributes to a central fluid shift.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Altered Regulation of Breathing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some studies have found that even if a diver did not perform at the maximum level of exercise during a dive and did not reach his or her ventilation limits, the CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels in the diver\u2019s blood would still be elevated. Common sense would dictate that the CO<sub>2<\/sub> (and carbonic acid formed) would trigger the brain to increase the breathing rate, but this expected response was not seen. This would mean that even though maximum breathing levels were not exceeded, the brain \u201cchose\u201d to allow a higher level of CO<sub>2<\/sub> in the body under conditions in which the work of breathing was increased. This demonstrates an alteration in the operation of the brain\u2019s respiratory regulation center, which is not yet fully understood. At least four hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: 1) the effects of an increased partial pressure of oxygen during diving, 2) certain effects of nitrogen narcosis, 3) a direct effect of the increased pressure and 4) changes in the way the brain controls ventilation when the workload on the lungs is increased. More research is required to understand the exact mechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Increased \u201cDead Space\u201d During Diving<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dead space refers to areas in which there is ventilation (i.e., gas movement), but no gas exchange takes place. Since gas exchange happens only in the alveoli, the conducting airways such as the trachea and bronchi are dead space. Diving equipment adds additional space, usually less than 200 ml. The dead space in a diving regulator is typically less than 100 ml. Nonetheless, considering that the volume of a normal breath is about 500 ml, dead space adds up quickly, leading to elevated breathing volumes. In addition to this physical dead space, there is physiological dead space that is also increased during diving. A full description of this is beyond the scope of this article, but suffice it to say that there are additional mechanisms by which ventilation in a diver is compromised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rebreathing<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rebreather divers should take particular care to prevent CO<sub>2<\/sub> toxicity as a result of rebreathing gas. Hypercapnia (elevated CO<sub>2<\/sub> in the blood) is probably the first consideration in the differential diagnosis of a diver who lost consciousness while diving on a rebreather (the other two most likely explanations are hypoxia [low oxygen] and hyperoxia [excess oxygen]). Rebreathing CO<sub>2<\/sub> is possible if the scrubber material (soda lime) is not packed correctly and channeling occurs. Channeling is a phenomenon by which gas moves through channels in the scrubber material, which limits removal of CO<sub>2<\/sub>. To reduce the risk of rebreathing CO<sub>2<\/sub>, divers are taught to \u201cprebreathe\u201d the rebreather for five minutes before diving. A study published in 2015 demonstrated that this approach is not effective in detecting all scrubber failures, and some study participants even failed to recognize a problem when given prebreathing rebreathers that had no scrubber.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20784.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>A diver observes the wreck of the USS\u00a0<em>Kittiwake<\/em>\u00a0at the end of a<br>300-foot dive on a closed-circuit rebreather.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If rebreathing occurs due to scrubber failure, hypercapnia will begin to stimulate the respiratory control center of the brain to increase the rate and depth of breathing. As hypercapnia continues to escalate, divers may experience severe breathlessness and may panic. In severe cases, hypercapnia can lead to loss of consciousness, which happens to rebreather divers from time to time. There is a concern that divers who are not sensitive to hypercapnia will experience only minor symptoms, such as shortness of breath, before suffering loss of consciousness. Even mild hypercapnia can have adverse implications, however, particularly for rebreather and nitrox divers: Elevated CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels increase the risk for central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity, which can cause convulsions underwater and drowning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Poor Diving Procedures<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20785.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Mild buildup of CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0may lead to a throbbing headache and can be caused by decreased minute volume or skip breathing.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A very rapid descent promotes a buildup of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and is usually associated with a decreased minute volume (the amount of gas breathed in one minute), which can lead to hypercapnia. Another practice that can lead to a decreased minute volume is skip breathing \u2014 holding your breath for short periods between inhalation and exhalation. The intention of divers who do this is to preserve gas, but it leads to an increased level of CO<sub>2<\/sub> (and is a bad idea for other reasons as well). This then leads to the symptoms described in the previous section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gas Contamination<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Apart from the various physiological reasons hypercapnia may occur during a dive, contamination of the breathing-gas supply should also be considered. If the compressor intake is situated where contamination is possible, the diver may inhale CO<sub>2<\/sub> at higher concentrations than in normal air. This would put the diver at a distinct disadvantage for obvious reasons. The concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> in diving cylinders should not exceed 500 ppm, and operators are legally required to regularly test the air they supply to divers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.alertdiver.com\/cdn\/20788.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>A diver works his way down a mooring line onto a deep reef.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub> Retainers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some people do not have a proportional response to hypercapnia (i.e., their breathing does not adjust fully to maintain baseline CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels), and these individuals can have very high \u2014 even dangerous \u2014 levels of CO<sub>2<\/sub> in their blood. These people are referred to as CO<sub>2<\/sub> retainers. A number of studies have evaluated the standards to screen for such individuals during dive medical fitness evaluations. These studies concluded that there is currently no screening test that would enable us to identify these individuals. At best, the currently available tests would disqualify a large number of normal people by incorrectly identifying them as CO<sub>2<\/sub> retainers. Screening is thus not advised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hypercapnia is hazardous while diving because of the risk of impairment or complete loss of consciousness. Milder, gradual buildup of CO<sub>2<\/sub> may cause a throbbing headache or the feeling that the diver is not getting enough air. This may lead to a panicked response in which the diver bolts for the surface, potentially leading to decompression sickness or pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas embolism if the diver doesn\u2019t exhale sufficiently during the rapid ascent. Hypercapnia also increases the risk for decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis and CNS oxygen toxicity mainly because of the increased blood perfusion caused by the CO<sub>2<\/sub>-induced dilation of blood vessels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All divers are likely to have increased CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels (to some degree) during a dive. The manifestations are usually minor \u2014 such as a throbbing headache \u2014 and if the diver realizes this and immediately resumes normal breathing, the headache may subside. If not, it is wise to shorten the dive but also to make sure that adequate ventilation is maintained during ascent. Relaxed, deep breathing at the safety stop also helps in many cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are other causes of headache, of course, including carbon monoxide contamination, so diving-related headaches should not be dismissed as trivial. If in doubt, call DAN<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>. Be vigilant; maintain awareness of the signs of hypercapnia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Camporesi EM, Bosco G. Ventilation, gas exchange, and exercise under pressure. In: Brubakk AO, Neuman TS, eds. Bennett and Elliott\u2019s Physiology and Medicine of Diving, 5th ed. Edinburgh, UK: Saunders; 2003.<\/li><li>Deng C, Pollock NW, Gant N, Hannam JA, Dooley A, Mesley P, Mitchell SJ. 2015. The five-minute prebreathe in evaluating carbon dioxide absorption in a closed-circuit rebreather: a randomized single-blind study. Diving Hyperb Med 2015; 45(1):16-24.<\/li><li>Doolette DJ, Mitchell SJ. Hyperbaric conditions. Compr Physiol 2011; 1(1):163-201.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u00a9\u00a0<em>Alert Diver<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 Q2 2017<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How does diving affect lung function? While all divers will likely have increased CO2 levels (to some degree) during a dive, the manifestations are minor. <\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","dan_alert_diver_categories":[73],"dan_alert_diver_issues":[418],"class_list":["post-14549","dan_alert_diver","type-dan_alert_diver","status-publish","hentry","dan_alert_diver_categories-features","dan_alert_diver_issues-q2-2017"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Your Lungs and Diving - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The lungs can be impacted by diving. 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