{"id":22249,"date":"2022-06-15T14:30:40","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T18:30:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&p=22249"},"modified":"2023-02-08T16:53:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T21:53:09","slug":"bonaire-inspires-hope-for-the-future-of-coral-2","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/bonaire-inspires-hope-for-the-future-of-coral\/","title":{"rendered":"Bonaire suscite l'espoir pour l'avenir du corail"},"content":{"rendered":"

DESCENDING THE LIMESTONE STAIRS OF BONAIRE\u2019S<\/span><\/strong> famous 1,000 Steps dive site in full scuba gear is challenging. It\u2019s just 64 steps down, but it feels like many more \u2014 thus its name. Once you make it down, however, you\u2019re rewarded with a relatively easy entry to a Caribbean reef teeming with life \u2014 billowing, undulating clouds of shimmering fish, curious and kind-eyed green turtles, bobbing orange seahorses, and more. Located on Bonaire\u2019s western coast, 1,000 Steps is just one of dozens of shore dives that prove why the country is considered one of the best shore-diving destinations in the world.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"1,000
1,000 Steps is one of the more iconic shore dives on Bonaire.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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CARIBBEAN REEF<\/strong>
SUCCESS STORY<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bonaire\u2019s economy is mainly dependent on coral reef tourism, which can be tenuous. Studies continually show coral reefs trending toward extinction, with about 14 percent of the world\u2019s coral lost in the past decade. Bonaire, however, is making huge strides forward in coral restoration. In a 2021 report on worldwide coral status, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network named the Bonaire National Marine Park (BNMP) one of three successful coral rehabilitation case studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonaire has been a pioneer in coral conservation. In 1979 it was one of the first places to establish a marine protected area (MPA), and BNMP is one of the oldest and most successful marine reserves. The park encompasses the reef that surrounds the entire island of Bonaire from the high-tide watermark down to 200 feet in depth. As a model, BNMP demonstrates that sustained local action and transparent governance can effectively increase coral reef resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also unique is that Bonaire\u2019s nature parks are managed and maintained almost entirely with funding and support from its visitors. Most income is from a $45 nature entrance fee that divers pay. A self-policing system required divers to display a plastic souvenir tag until the process went electronic with a digital tag on your phone. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fact that coral can be restored much quicker than it grows in the wild gives the world much-needed hope. If the conditions are conducive to growth \u2014 clean water, an optimal temperature of 73\u00b0F to 84\u00b0F, and minimal threats from overfishing, pollution, and coral harvesting \u2014 coral can mature in far less time than without restoration efforts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reef Renewal Foundation Bonaire (RRFB), a nonprofit organization partially financed by local dive operators collecting diver entrance fees, is leading efforts to protect and restore coral reefs in Bonaire. Eight RRFB nurseries have grown more than 15,000 endangered staghorn and elkhorn corals, and the organization has outplanted more than 34,000 corals back to Bonaire\u2019s reefs. Biennial monitoring has shown since 2015 an increase in coral cover and density of juvenile corals and a decrease\u00a0in macroalgal cover, which inhibits coral growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Staghorn
Staghorn corals provide habitat for reef fish such as this banded butterflyfish.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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BONAIRE\u2019S CORAL ISSUES<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCoral reef degradation is an extremely complex problem that involves multiple actors and stressors globally and locally,\u201d said Francesca Virdis, RRFB\u2019s chief operating officer. \u201cThere isn\u2019t one solution. It\u2019s a problem we must tackle on several different levels.\u201d Local issues include water quality and runoff, population increase, and tourism growth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The annual number of tourists increased from 80,000 in 2012 to 157,000 in 2019. Increasingly dependent on a tourism economy, Bonaire faces a significant challenge in regulating recreation and urban development. Additionally, Bonaire is a highly sought-after cruise destination, with cruise ship passengers increasing from 40,000 in 2005 to 458,000 in 2019. Cruise visitors typically don\u2019t contribute enough to the economy to offset the damage to the coral reef from docked ships and overuse of the sewer system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt sounds silly, but another major issue is Bonaire\u2019s goats, which reproduce quickly,\u201d Virdis said. \u201cThey eat vegetation at a high rate, destabilizing the substrate, so everything gets washed into the water after heavy rains. The goats are not an easy stressor to tackle because you can\u2019t just go around and shoot all the goats.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Bonaire is environmentally conscientious but not immune from infrastructure overload from cruise ships.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

STINAPA works hand in hand with the Bonaire government to tackle the issue of increased tourism by managing the coral reefs through regulation and outreach initiatives. The Bonaire government makes the policies, and STINAPA executes the BNMP\u2019s management and supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019re a Dutch Caribbean island,\u201d Virdis said. \u201cWhen we talk about government, there are two levels. The local government offers us the necessary permits, and financially we\u2019ve received grants from the Dutch government. Ten years ago, many people were skeptical about coral restoration, believing that it was destructive and taking away from the preservation of reefs. The government has been open to understanding the importance of investing in restoration and conservation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notably, in 1978 and 1980 the BNMP developed a permanent mooring system to stop boats from dropping anchors. In 2015 a wastewater treatment plant installed near the coast began to treat water from large hotels and businesses. Furthermore, legislation in 2017 required septic tanks to be installed a minimum of 1,640 feet from the ocean to lessen sewage runoff and increase water quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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At the dive site Sharon\u2019s Serenity on Klein Bonaire, several thickets of staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis<\/em>) punctuate the shallow sand and hardpan plateau.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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HOW THE DIVE INDUSTRY IS INVOLVED<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The dive industry supports government initiatives by collecting nature conservation fees, nurturing coral in nurseries, and hand planting more than 20,000 staghorn corals. They also act as the conduit to coral education for visitors and residents. Dive operators organize coral restoration events, give presentations, and train volunteer divers by teaching basic reef restoration techniques. After the training, divers can actively volunteer in reef restoration on the island. Through these activities, dive shops transform educational opportunities into community involvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Water quality is crucial to the health and diversity of coral, including pillar coral.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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BONAIRE\u2019S PIONEERING EFFORTS<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

One quality problem that Bonaire\u2019s coral nurseries have encountered is an excess of coral. \u201cOne of the main bottlenecks is outplanting, which is time-consuming and requires a skilled diver,\u201d Virdis said. \u201cWe developed a unique technique called wedging<\/em> that works specifically in the calm waters of Bonaire, which has an abundance of staghorn corals growing in large thickets on the sand. Since this coral is not attached to a hard bottom and instead branches out to fuse with surrounding coral, we can wedge pieces of coral between other coral instead of manually cementing each piece to the reef. This method allows one diver to wedge outplant 200 large coral colonies on a dive versus outplanting only 15 to 20 pieces of coral.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonaire continues its optimization efforts by focusing on species diversity, creating more resilient coral that can better withstand environmental changes. \u201cIn 2022 RRFB received a grant from the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which allowed us to scale up our coral larval propagation efforts,\u201d Virdis said. \u201cWith larval propagation, we collect reproductive cells and fertilize them in the lab. Next, we rear the coral larvae in ocean pools before helping them to settle on the reef. This technique allows us to diversify our efforts.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201cCoral restoration and conservation is a multifaceted effort, and the local community is integral to the efforts,\u201d Virdis said. In addition to their work with dive operators, RRBF, STINAPA, and the government invest time in outreach. They give presentations at schools, operate STINAPA\u2019s Bonaire Junior Ranger Program, and educate locals on the importance of creating gated areas for their goats, which they previously let roam free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a world of dying coral, Bonaire is a much-needed beacon of hope. The government, RRFB, and STINAPA continue innovating and discovering new solutions for their precious reefs. They primarily focus on teaching the next generation of citizen scientists how to preserve the ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNothing feels more accomplished than looking at your nursery tree completely cleaned and filled,\u201d said Mackenzie, an RRFB volunteer in an interview on the organization\u2019s website, \u201cnot a hole or fire coral polyp in sight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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En savoir plus<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Learn more about Bonaire\u2019s coral reefs and restoration efforts in this vid\u00e9o<\/a>, and see more examples of Bonaire\u2019s corals in an online photo gallery.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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