{"id":24041,"date":"2023-03-28T14:46:17","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T18:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&p=24041"},"modified":"2023-04-20T12:47:08","modified_gmt":"2023-04-20T16:47:08","slug":"oxygen-toxicity-research","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/oxygen-toxicity-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Recherche sur la toxicit\u00e9 de l'oxyg\u00e8ne"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jay Dean, PhD, est professeur de pharmacologie mol\u00e9culaire et de physiologie \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 de Floride du Sud (USF), o\u00f9 il \u00e9tudie les effets de l'oxyg\u00e8ne, du dioxyde de carbone et de la pression barom\u00e9trique sur le syst\u00e8me nerveux central des mammif\u00e8res. Ses recherches ont permis de mieux comprendre les crises de toxicit\u00e9 de l'oxyg\u00e8ne et les signes et sympt\u00f4mes avant-coureurs d'une crise. Dean et ses coll\u00e8gues ont continu\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler sur la pr\u00e9vention de la toxicit\u00e9 de l'oxyg\u00e8ne par la c\u00e9tose et l'administration de suppl\u00e9ments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quel est votre parcours acad\u00e9mique ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I did my undergraduate work in biology at Central Michigan University and received my master\u2019s degree in biological sciences at Michigan Technological University. During my master\u2019s program, I worked on comparative respiratory control with northern water snakes, which are pugnacious 3-foot-long (90 cm) snakes that like to bite you. I studied the effects of temperature and carbon dioxide rebreathing on their ventilation and blood pH regulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After that, I went to Ohio State University for my doctorate to continue working in comparative respiratory control but instead ended up at a lab where I did neural-control of body temperature. That\u2019s where I learned about the central nervous system and electrophysiology to study brain cell signaling. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En tant que post-doctorant, je me suis replong\u00e9 dans la respiration, qui m'a toujours int\u00e9ress\u00e9. \u00c0 l'universit\u00e9 de Caroline du Nord \u00e0 Chapel Hill, j'ai travaill\u00e9 sur les chimior\u00e9cepteurs centraux du dioxyde de carbone, qui vous indiquent quand vous avez trop de dioxyde de carbone dans votre syst\u00e8me. Cette accumulation est le principal stimulus de la respiration. J'ai \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les neurones sensibles au dioxyde de carbone et leur localisation dans le tronc c\u00e9r\u00e9bral des mammif\u00e8res. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

While doing that work, I began to think about other gases and how they affect the brain. I read about how some gases such as nitrogen don\u2019t really affect us at sea level, but putting it in a scuba tank and diving deep enough while breathing it raises concerns about nitrogen narcosis. We also usually do fine with oxygen, but if it gets to be a high enough partial pressure, if you increase the fractional concentration (such as in nitrox), or if you go for pure oxygen, you have to worry about central nervous system oxygen toxicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir termin\u00e9 mon doctorat et mes travaux postdoctoraux, j'ai obtenu mon premier poste de professeur \u00e0 Wright State et j'ai b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d'une subvention de d\u00e9marrage interne qui a permis de financer le d\u00e9veloppement de ma premi\u00e8re chambre hyperbare. J'ai adapt\u00e9 les outils que j'utilisais pour \u00e9tudier les effets du dioxyde de carbone sur les cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales afin de les utiliser sous haute pression pour \u00e9tudier la toxicit\u00e9 de l'oxyg\u00e8ne. C'est ainsi que j'ai mis un pied dans la m\u00e9decine sous-marine. En 2000, j'ai re\u00e7u un soutien financier de l'Office of Naval Research Undersea Medicine Program. Je suis arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 l'USF en 2006 et je continue \u00e0 travailler pour l'ONR Undersea Medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cet
Cet \u00e9quipement mesure les signaux \u00e9lectriques des cellules c\u00e9r\u00e9brales, appel\u00e9s potentiels d'action, pendant l'exposition \u00e0 l'oxyg\u00e8ne hyperbare. En bas \u00e0 droite de la photo, des potentiels d'action \u00e9lectriques repr\u00e9sentatifs mesur\u00e9s dans une seule cellule c\u00e9r\u00e9brale d'une tranche de cerveau (* sur le moniteur en haut \u00e0 droite).\nAVEC L'AIMABLE AUTORISATION DE JAY DEAN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sur quoi travaillez-vous actuellement ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019m working on the mechanisms and mitigation of central nervous system oxygen toxicity and trying to find the answers to the following questions: Why does the brain suddenly develop seizures when it\u2019s exposed to too much oxygen under pressure? Are there ways to delay it? Are there ways to predict that your level of oxygen exposure is taking you to the point where you\u2019re going to have a seizure? Can we identify physiological markers that will warn us before seizure begins? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The problem is the tremendous variability in sensitivity to hyperbaric oxygen in terms of when seizures occur between individuals and within the same individual from day to day. We don\u2019t quite know why that is. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We asked if a rodent\u2019s breathing would pick up before it had a seizure. Was that possibly an early-warning physiological marker? So we did the experiments and observed that their breathing picked up anywhere from 8 to 15 minutes before a seizure. (Remarque : le comit\u00e9 institutionnel de protection et d'utilisation des animaux de l'USF (accr\u00e9dit\u00e9 par l'Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International) et le bureau de m\u00e9decine du minist\u00e8re am\u00e9ricain de la d\u00e9fense approuvent toutes les utilisations d'animaux).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since then we\u2019ve looked at other things. We found that there\u2019s an increase in electrodermal resistance, or skin resistance, that precedes the seizure by several minutes. The heart rate tends to slow initially during the dive, and that precedes a seizure by several minutes in an unanesthetized animal. Another marker seems to be a drop in body temperature, although the jury is still out on that. What is clear is that several of these physiologic changes precede and forewarn of impending seizures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019ve also successfully delayed seizures in rats by using an exogenous ketone ester developed by my colleague Dominic D\u2019Agostino, PhD. Within 30 minutes their blood profile looked like they had been on the ketogenic diet for a week. Replacing your body\u2019s usual primary energy source (glucose) with ketone bodies seems to have several neuroprotective effects. For example, it decreases free radical production during exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. This process delayed the seizures from 300 percent to 600 percent, creating a longer, safer dive for the rodent. The ketogenic diet will affect the brain\u2019s oxygen consumption and utilization and do several other things that together delay onset of seizures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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O\u00f9 vos recherches vous ont-elles men\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Une question fondamentale rest\u00e9e sans r\u00e9ponse et qui nous a emp\u00each\u00e9s de cibler les cellules critiques pour la gen\u00e8se des crises est de savoir d'o\u00f9 proviennent les crises de toxicit\u00e9 de l'oxyg\u00e8ne. Quelles sont les parties du cerveau concern\u00e9es ? Les recherches indiquent que les crises semblent prendre naissance dans de multiples sites sous-corticaux du cerveau. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2019 we hypothesized that the early, abnormal cardiorespiratory changes that precede seizures suggest that so called \u201cox-tox trigger zones\u201d exist in cardiorespiratory control centers of the brainstem. These ox-tox trigger zones get stimulated by a big hit of hyperbaric oxygen and begin generating their depolarizing signals. Other ox-tox trigger nuclei start to activate and then amplify and relay the signals. The activation level determines the size and complexity of the seizure. Animal models for oxygen toxicity show that the seizures are quite complex. They can range from subtle to dramatic, depending on how much the brain gets activated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\u2019re currently using radiotelemetry to determine parts of brain that are activated during seizure genesis \u2014 that is, implanting a transmitter with embedded wires to measure brain activity in various regions and respiratory muscle activity. We\u2019ve adapted the process so we can embed electrodes deep in the brain, where we think the ox-tox trigger nuclei are as well as over the motor cortex, which turns on when the seizure manifests. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Our initial studies show that these brain stem ox-tox trigger zones appear to turn on minutes to tens of minutes before we see seizure activity in the motor cortex or physical convulsions. We can study animals unrestrained, behaving freely, and unanesthetized with these implanted radio telemetry modules. It\u2019s a powerful technique. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Retarder les crises d'\u00e9pilepsie est un autre objectif actuel. Nous utilisons des compos\u00e9s pour inhiber l'oxyde nitrique synthase, qui s'est av\u00e9r\u00e9 b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pour retarder les crises. La question est de savoir si cela peut se traduire par quelque chose que la Food and Drug Administration am\u00e9ricaine peut approuver. Le Saint-Graal est de trouver une substance qui fonctionne chez l'animal et qui peut ensuite \u00eatre approuv\u00e9e pour un usage humain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pourquoi mener des recherches physiologiques sur des rats plut\u00f4t que sur des humains ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Animal research is critical. Everything we know in medicine \u2014 including undersea medicine \u2014 starts with animal research, particularly with mammals. I\u2019ve always been interested in fundamental questions, plenty of which we could initially answer in animals but not humans. There\u2019s not a lot of basic research in the undersea medical community, and our goal is to have our work translated into larger animals and human divers. Animal research serves an important role in that chain of events, and I\u2019ve been contented to do that for my career.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"le
le rat \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de la chambre est \u00e9quip\u00e9 d'un module de radiot\u00e9l\u00e9m\u00e9trie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Professeur
Professeur Jay B. Dean, PhD\nCOURTESY JAY DEAN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

What do you like to do when you\u2019re not in the lab?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mon principal hobby est d'\u00e9tudier l'histoire de la m\u00e9decine a\u00e9ronautique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Je dis aux gens que je travaille en profondeur sous pression hyperbare et \u00e0 haute teneur en oxyg\u00e8ne pendant la journ\u00e9e, et que je monte en altitude la nuit pour \u00e9tudier l'hypoxie, la d\u00e9compression et la haute altitude. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fred Hitchcock was a big-time physiologist who ran the aviation medicine lab at Ohio State University during World War II and studied explosive decompression at high altitude. He had just died when I began graduate school at Ohio State. After I passed my comprehensive qualifying exams, I moved into what turned out to be Fred Hitchcock\u2019s office as an emeritus professor. He had no family, so all his stuff was still there. One day I opened a closet to find a huge box filled with films, slides, negatives, and other documents. Later, my first faculty position was at Wright State, which is next door to WPAFB and I started spending Fridays in the archives going through declassified USAAF Aero Medical Lab reports. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une histoire int\u00e9ressante li\u00e9e \u00e0 la plong\u00e9e et datant de la Seconde Guerre mondiale que j'ai d\u00e9couverte est le d\u00e9veloppement de l'utilisation de l'\u00e9quipement d'oxyg\u00e8ne de l'aviation pour la plong\u00e9e sous-marine en cas d'urgence li\u00e9e \u00e0 l'amerrissage. Pendant la guerre, les aviateurs am\u00e9ricains se noyaient avant de pouvoir s'\u00e9chapper en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d'un avion amerri en mer. Le laboratoire a\u00e9ro-m\u00e9dical de l'arm\u00e9e de l'air am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 Wright Field a test\u00e9 si les pilotes pouvaient utiliser leur masque \u00e0 oxyg\u00e8ne d'aviation et leur bouteille d'oxyg\u00e8ne de promenade comme \u00e9quipement de plong\u00e9e pour permettre une \u00e9vacuation en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de leur avion submerg\u00e9, et cela a fonctionn\u00e9 !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

J'ai ensuite commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 parcourir le pays pour parler de la m\u00e9decine a\u00e9ronautique. La communaut\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale a\u00e9rospatiale a \u00e9t\u00e9 enthousiasm\u00e9e par la perspective historique. Je viens de donner une conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 Reno, dans le Nevada, lors de la r\u00e9union conjointe de l'Aerospace Medical Association et de l'Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Je faisais partie d'un groupe de discussion sur la conqu\u00eate des environnements \u00e0 barri\u00e8re de pression, et j'ai parl\u00e9 des recherches effectu\u00e9es pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s a lot of overlap in the people who worked in undersea medicine and who continue to work in high-altitude research and vice-versa. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00a9 Alert Diver<\/em> - Q1 2023<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jay Dean, PhD, est professeur de pharmacologie mol\u00e9culaire et de physiologie \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 de Floride du Sud (USF), o\u00f9 il \u00e9tudie les effets de l'oxyg\u00e8ne, du dioxyde de carbone et de la pression barom\u00e9trique sur le syst\u00e8me nerveux central des mammif\u00e8res.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":24042,"template":"","dan_alert_diver_categories":[75],"dan_alert_diver_issues":[484],"class_list":["post-24041","dan_alert_diver","type-dan_alert_diver","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_alert_diver_categories-dan-research","dan_alert_diver_issues-q1-2023"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOxygen Toxicity Research - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jay Dean, PhD, is a professor of molecular pharmacology and physiology at the University of South Florida (USF), where he studies the effects of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and barometric pressure on the mammalian central nervous system.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/oxygen-toxicity-research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Oxygen Toxicity Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jay Dean, PhD, is a professor of molecular pharmacology and physiology at the University of South Florida (USF), where he studies the effects of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and barometric pressure on the mammalian central nervous system.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/oxygen-toxicity-research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DAN World\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-20T16:47:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/q1_69_researcher-2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Jay Dean, PhD, is a professor of molecular pharmacology and physiology at the University of South Florida (USF), where he studies the effects of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and barometric pressure on the mammalian central nervous system.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/\",\"name\":\"Oxygen Toxicity Research - DAN World\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/q1_69_researcher-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-28T18:46:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-04-20T16:47:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"Jay Dean, PhD, is a professor of molecular pharmacology and physiology at the University of South Florida (USF), where he studies the effects of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and barometric pressure on the mammalian central nervous system.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/oxygen-toxicity-research\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/q1_69_researcher-2.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/q1_69_researcher-2.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"During a dive on hyperbaric oxygen in this hyperbaric research radio telemetry chamber, a video camera enclosed and mounted over the window port monitors the freely behaving rat\u2019s activity while sealed inside the hyperbaric chamber and displays his physiology (brain activity, respiration, heart rate, and body temperature) on a nearby computer screen. 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