{"id":24174,"date":"2023-03-18T16:40:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-18T20:40:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&#038;p=24174"},"modified":"2023-05-31T15:11:39","modified_gmt":"2023-05-31T19:11:39","slug":"monterey-bay","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/monterey-bay\/","title":{"rendered":"Baie de Monterey"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Within the geographical confines of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is one of the world\u2019s most ecologically diverse coastal marine environments. The sanctuary boundary spans almost 6,000 square miles (15.540 square meters) and contains more than 276 miles (444 kilometers) of California shoreline.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A massive underwater canyon \u2014 deeper than the Grand Canyon and comparable in size and length \u2014 starts in the deep waters far beyond the sanctuary boundary and comes into the center of Monterey Bay. Every spring the wind blowing along the California coast stimulates the cold water to upwell from the deepwater canyon, pulling up nutrient-rich water from the darkness, exposing it to the sunlight, and depositing it into the heart of the bay.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce processus alimente une explosion de nourriture dans la cha\u00eene alimentaire, ce qui pousse les esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 affluer dans la r\u00e9gion lors d'une migration annuelle et \u00e0 agiter les vagues dans des fr\u00e9n\u00e9sies alimentaires de groupe. Les masses fr\u00e9tillantes de lions de mer, de dauphins et de baleines, dont l'ardeur est \u00e9gal\u00e9e par les oiseaux qui plongent du ciel, cr\u00e9ent une sc\u00e8ne impressionnante.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vingt-six esp\u00e8ces reconnues par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral comme \u00e9tant menac\u00e9es ou en voie de disparition r\u00e9sident ou migrent vers le sanctuaire, attir\u00e9es de loin par d'autres facteurs que la seule remont\u00e9e d'eau au printemps. En \u00e9t\u00e9, les tortues luth, gravement menac\u00e9es d'extinction, arrivent apr\u00e8s un voyage de neuf mois et de 11 265 kilom\u00e8tres depuis les plages de nidification d'Indon\u00e9sie. Chaque tortue du sanctuaire se r\u00e9gale de 50 m\u00e9duses par jour avant d'achever son cycle d'alimentation et d'entamer la migration de pr\u00e8s d'un an qui la ram\u00e8nera chez elle pour nidifier.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00c0 l'instar du parc national du Serengeti, dans le nord de la Tanzanie, bien connu pour \u00eatre le site de la plus grande migration annuelle d'animaux terrestres au monde, il n'est pas surprenant que le sanctuaire de la baie de Monterey soit d\u00e9sign\u00e9 par son nom comme son \u00e9quivalent aquatique, en raison du nombre et de la diversit\u00e9 des animaux que l'on peut observer dans la baie chaque jour.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devenu un lieu o\u00f9 la vie marine et l'homme peuvent coexister, le MBNMS nous offre la possibilit\u00e9 de freiner notre instinct naturel de domination et de consommation de l'environnement qui nous entoure. Mais pour cette r\u00e9gion des \u00c9tats-Unis, cet \u00e9tat d'esprit n'a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'histoire de la baie de Monterey et de ses c\u00f4tes adjacentes est une histoire d'exploitation humaine de l'environnement. La ru\u00e9e vers l'or de 1849 a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 une migration massive de prospecteurs pr\u00eats \u00e0 d\u00e9chiqueter les collines \u00e0 la recherche du pr\u00e9cieux m\u00e9tal. Beaucoup de ceux qui ont \u00e9chou\u00e9 se sont lanc\u00e9s dans le commerce de la fourrure, pi\u00e9geant les loutres de mer pour leur peau, tandis que d'autres chassaient les \u00e9l\u00e9phants de mer dans les vagues pour leur graisse. Ces deux esp\u00e8ces ont failli dispara\u00eetre.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D'autres s'aventuraient en eaux plus profondes \u00e0 la poursuite des baleines, dont l'huile constituait la source d'\u00e9nergie de l'\u00e9poque. Un an apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de la ru\u00e9e vers l'or, l'industrie commerciale de la chasse \u00e0 la baleine a d\u00e9marr\u00e9 \u00e0 Monterey, avec des stations baleini\u00e8res parsemant le littoral jusqu'en 1921. Les habitants de la c\u00f4te affluaient sur les plages pour regarder les baleiniers se faire remorquer de part et d'autre de la baie par les cr\u00e9atures des profondeurs harponn\u00e9es, qui tentaient en vain d'\u00e9chapper \u00e0 leurs poursuivants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_109_MontereyBay-1.jpg\" alt=\"Un plongeur plane au-dessus d&#039;une paire d&#039;an\u00e9mones mangeuses de poissons (Urticina piscivora).\" class=\"wp-image-24260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_109_MontereyBay-1.jpg 533w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_109_MontereyBay-1-240x360.jpg 240w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_109_MontereyBay-1-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A diver hovers over a pair of fish-eating anemones (Urticina piscivora) in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.\n\u00a9ANDY SALLMON<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The coastal region\u2019s seemingly limitless bounty proved otherwise when the otters, sea lions, and whales disappeared, and the bay became a watery desert. Residents simply moved on to the next marine economy: harvesting giant California red abalone, the world\u2019s largest abalone species. A year before the last whaling station closed, nine different abalone companies operated along the current sanctuary\u2019s coastline, gathering abalone all day and shipping it worldwide.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the abalone supply dwindled, the sardine industry exploded, leading to the region\u2019s famed Cannery Row and Monterey becoming known as the sardine capital of the world. But that title lasted for only a few years. In the late 1940s the local industry collapsed when the sardine bounty was exhausted. This, in conjunction with the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that occurred approximately 250 miles (402 kilometers) down the coast, made many residents realize the impact of different industries on the local ecology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lorsque des hommes politiques et des dirigeants de l'industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re ont jet\u00e9 leur d\u00e9volu sur la baie de Monterey pour l'exploration et l'extraction de p\u00e9trole, de gaz et de minerais, les efforts de conservation qui n'avaient exist\u00e9 qu'au niveau local pendant des d\u00e9cennies ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper de mani\u00e8re exponentielle. Les communaut\u00e9s c\u00f4ti\u00e8res de Californie centrale se sont mobilis\u00e9es et, sous l'impulsion de h\u00e9ros politiques locaux, ont port\u00e9 la question devant le Congr\u00e8s apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de bataille l\u00e9gislative. Les efforts combin\u00e9s de toutes les personnes impliqu\u00e9es ont permis \u00e0 la baie de Monterey d'obtenir le statut de sanctuaire marin national en 1992, statut qu'elle conserve depuis 30 ans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_110_MontereyBay.jpg\" alt=\"SANCTUAIRE MARIN NATIONAL DE LA BAIE DE MONTEREY DE LA NOAA\" class=\"wp-image-24261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_110_MontereyBay.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_110_MontereyBay-360x221.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_110_MontereyBay-768x471.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_110_MontereyBay-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The sanctuary boundary spans almost 6,000 square miles (15.540 square kilometers cuadrados), with approximately 8 million people living within 50 miles (80,5 kilometers) of the 276 miles (444 kilometers) of shoreline. MAP DATA \u00a92018 GOOGLE \/ NOAA\u2019S MONTEREY BAY NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quel est le sanctuaire apr\u00e8s ces 30 ann\u00e9es ?&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C'est une r\u00e9ussite en mati\u00e8re de conservation<\/em>. Since the establishment of MBNMS, the ecosystem has recovered and species populations have returned from their historically low levels and are continuing to thrive under strong protection efforts. With the preservation of public access to beaches and coastal waters, Monterey Bay is a place of social catalyst where people gather together \u2014 whether it\u2019s beachgoers combing through rocky tide pools, surfers hitting the waves at the legendary Mavericks surf break, or scuba divers navigating through lush kelp forests, coral reefs, and canyon walls encrusted with colorful marine life.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C'est un lieu de d\u00e9couvertes<\/em>, such as the thousands of deepwater octopuses found laying their eggs 2 miles (3,2 kilometers) beneath the surface in the dark nooks and crannies of the Davidson Seamount area, which became part of the sanctuary in 2008. MBNMS has 463 reported shipwrecks within its waters \u2014 such as the legendary USS&nbsp;<em>Macon<\/em>&nbsp;airship and its yellow- and blue-winged Sparrowhawk biplanes sitting 1,500 feet (457 meters) below the surface \u2014 with more waiting to be discovered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C'est un lieu d'\u00e9conomie<\/em>, where billions of dollars in revenue are generated each year. Once the whale-killing capital of California, Monterey Bay is now the whale-watching capital, generating more money than whale-hunting ever did. Fisheries for abalone and sardines still exist, and the bay is source to one of the world\u2019s top markets for squid. Enforced regulations ensure that overfishing of the bay\u2019s resources won\u2019t occur again.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C'est un lieu de science<\/em>, acting as a living laboratory for research to enhance our understanding of the oceans and to help us make informed management decisions. Eleven years after the 1987 outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans in Canada, the Monterey Marine Mammal Center discovered the domoic acid toxin in the sanctuary\u2019s sea lions, which consume the same fish harvested by people in the bay. They created a reporting chain for public health officials to help map toxin outbreaks and close harvesting locations. When animals are identified with the toxin, fisheries in the affected areas can be regulated by ramping up testing followed by preventative measures.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_111_MontereyBay.jpg\" alt=\"Les baleines \u00e0 bosse se nourrissent d&#039;anchois dans la baie de Monterey\" class=\"wp-image-24262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_111_MontereyBay.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_111_MontereyBay-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_111_MontereyBay-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Q1_111_MontereyBay-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Humpback whales lunge-feed on anchovies in Monterey Bay as gulls swoop in from above.\n\u00a9DOUGLAS CROFT<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>C'est un lieu d'inqui\u00e9tude croissante<\/em>. The marine sanctuary encompasses no dry ground, with the shoreward boundary extending no further inland than the mean high-tide line. The coastline of the sanctuary is vast, encompassing dense urban zones and four major shipping ports frequented by international vessels. Approximately 8 million people live within 50 miles (80,5 kilometers) of the sanctuary shoreline, and thousands of square miles of coastal watersheds adjacent to the sanctuary drain waste disposal directly into the sanctuary\u2019s wetlands and marine waters.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plastic concentrations in the water exist at varying densities at all levels in the water column, from the surface all the way down to 1,000 meters. A 2022 Stanford University study suggests that blue and humpback whales in the Monterey sanctuary may eat 10 million pieces of microplastics \u2014 as much as 95 pounds (43 kilograms) \u2014 per day. The data is so new that researchers are still uncertain of the future effects on whales and people, but the ramifications of plastic in the ocean have historically been less than ideal for marine animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le MBNMS est plus qu'un simple bastion environnemental. Il constitue un mod\u00e8le de sanctuaire r\u00e9ussi pour les \u00c9tats-Unis et inspire les efforts de conservation marine dans le monde entier. Trente ans de sanctuaire marin national constituent une victoire, mais ce n'est qu'un d\u00e9but par rapport \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de deux si\u00e8cles d'impact humain n\u00e9gatif sur les eaux situ\u00e9es \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de ses limites. Certains pensent que le sanctuaire se trouve aujourd'hui dans son \u00e9tat le plus vuln\u00e9rable, non seulement en raison des effets \u00e9tudi\u00e9s de l'homme sur l'environnement, mais aussi \u00e0 cause du faux sentiment de protection \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9 sans qu'il soit n\u00e9cessaire de prendre d'autres mesures.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un effort humain soutenu est n\u00e9cessaire pour conserver le sens du nom.&nbsp;<em>sanctuaire<\/em>&nbsp;L'objectif est de faire passer le message. Les menaces qui p\u00e8sent sur le sanctuaire se profilent toujours \u00e0 l'horizon sous la forme du changement climatique, du d\u00e9veloppement c\u00f4tier, de la pollution et des besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques. Le MBNMS a besoin d'un financement et d'un soutien continus pour pouvoir continuer \u00e0 pr\u00e9server et \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les ressources et les qualit\u00e9s naturelles et culturelles de l'oc\u00e9an et des zones estuariennes \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de ses limites.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-dan-light-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-dan-light-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-explore-more\"><strong>En savoir plus<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pour soutenir les efforts de conservation du sanctuaire marin national de la baie de Monterey, rendez-vous \u00e0 l'adresse suivante&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/montereybayfoundation.org\/\">montereybayfoundation.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e9couvrez la baie de Monterey gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ces webcams en direct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Cam\u00e9ra de la baie de Monterey en direct - Aquarium de la baie de Monterey\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/53IbTllHPHo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:19px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/elephantseal.org\/live-view\/\">https:\/\/elephantseal.org\/live-view\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u00a9&nbsp;<em>Alert Diver<\/em>&nbsp;- Q1 2023<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le sanctuaire marin national de la baie de Monterey (MBNMS) abrite l'un des environnements marins c\u00f4tiers les plus diversifi\u00e9s du monde sur le plan \u00e9cologique.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":24259,"template":"","dan_alert_diver_categories":[66],"dan_alert_diver_issues":[484],"class_list":["post-24174","dan_alert_diver","type-dan_alert_diver","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_alert_diver_categories-dive-slate","dan_alert_diver_issues-q1-2023"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - 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