{"id":25681,"date":"2023-10-13T12:01:40","date_gmt":"2023-10-13T16:01:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&p=25681"},"modified":"2023-10-19T12:05:30","modified_gmt":"2023-10-19T16:05:30","slug":"the-hamlet-dilemma","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/","title":{"rendered":"Le dilemme d'Hamlet"},"content":{"rendered":"

DEPUIS LA FIN DES ANN\u00c9ES 1800<\/strong>Le d\u00e9bat entre taxonomistes marins porte sur le statut d'esp\u00e8ce des petits bars majestueux des Cara\u00efbes du genre Hypoplectrus<\/em>commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9s \"hameaux\". Au c\u0153ur de la controverse se trouve l'essence m\u00eame de la taxonomie : Qu'est-ce qui d\u00e9finit une esp\u00e8ce ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most common interpretation of species relates to individuals capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring. The hamlet intrigue revolves around the group\u2019s similar breeding habits and almost complete lack of anatomical differences. Yet, for an unexplained reason, hamlets across the Caribbean display a variety of distinct color patterns. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Le
Butter hamlets spawning (Hypoplectrus unicolor) \u00a9 NED AND ANNA DELOACH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

Pour ajouter encore plus d'\u00e9pices \u00e0 la soupe aux hameaux, il existe une multitude de variations r\u00e9sultant d'un nombre relativement \u00e9lev\u00e9 de croisements entre morphes de couleur, ce qui donne naissance \u00e0 des hybrides dont la couleur et les marques sont interm\u00e9diaires par rapport \u00e0 celles de leurs parents. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typically, the offspring of different species in the same genus are sterile, but hamlet hybrids are fertile \u2014 an anomaly some researchers have used as evidence against granting separate species status to members of the genus. Over the years they have described the hamlet flock as varieties, types, color morphs, morphotypes morphospecies, and subspecies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using evidence available from aquarium breeding and the discovery of low genetic differences among species from the same geographical regions, however, today\u2019s taxonomists uneasily lean toward granting species status to at least 18 distinct and regularly occurring color morphs. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Of more interest to the typical underwater naturalists is the hamlets\u2019 impassioned courtship and spawning behaviors that take place each evening during the fading glow of twilight. Throughout the day the palm-sized loners poke around for crabs, shrimp, and recently settled larval fishes inside the craggy confines of their limited home ranges. As the sun sets, they slip out of their comfortable surroundings and wind their way through hostile terrain for nightly trysts with established partners at traditional spawning sites. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comme plusieurs familles de poissons de r\u00e9cifs, les hamlets sont des hermaphrodites simultan\u00e9s, ce qui signifie qu'ils sont \u00e0 la fois m\u00e2les et femelles. Au lieu de se disputer constamment leur position, les hamlets \u00e9mettent \u00e0 tour de r\u00f4le des \u0153ufs et du sperme plusieurs fois avec des partenaires de longue date. Cette strat\u00e9gie de reproduction \u00e9galitaire est rare, puisqu'elle n'existe que chez 40 des 34 000 esp\u00e8ces de poissons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"hameau
Golden hamlet (Hypoplectrus gummigautta) \u00a9 NED AND ANNA DELOACH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Un
Shy hamlet (Hypoplectrus guttavarius) and juvenile rock beauty (Holacanthrus tricolor) \u00a9 NED AND ANNA DELOACH<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

As soon as a pair of starry-eyed hamlets rendezvous, the reef\u2019s most accessible, predictable, and entertaining reproductive spectacle begins. For up to an hour before the first spawn, pairs playfully chase and feed near the bottom while watching for predators and rivals keen on breaking up the evening\u2019s lovefest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque la parade nuptiale touche \u00e0 sa fin, l'un des deux prend le r\u00f4le de la femelle. Jouant les s\u00e9ductrices, elle prend une pose tendue, le museau vers le haut, les nageoires d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es et la t\u00eate claquante, tandis que le m\u00e2le int\u00e9rimaire, dont la couleur est nettement blanchie, mouline au fond de l'eau. Les hameaux s'\u00e9l\u00e8vent s\u00e9par\u00e9ment dans la colonne d'eau, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au-dessus d'un monticule de corail ou d'un buisson de gorgones o\u00f9 se pr\u00e9sente l'exhibitionniste. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a blink the fish clasp, like encircling hands. The acting male \u2014 with his head down, belly puckered, fins spread, and mouth opened \u2014 is enveloped by the arching body of his mate. After a few seconds the fish pop apart, leaving behind an inconspicuous cloud of gametes. The pair alternately play out the clasps, ranging from two to 10 or more, until the last light fades. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

An equal number of egg releases between partners is sacrosanct. From dozens of spawning events we\u2019ve observed, the clasp count ended on an odd number only twice. Both incidents incited nipping chases by the wronged party. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quel est le moteur de la diversification des hameaux ? Les opinions varient d'un chercheur \u00e0 l'autre, mais le consensus g\u00e9n\u00e9ral est que le genre Hypoplectrus <\/em>Il est possible que les hameaux ne soient apparus qu'apr\u00e8s la fermeture de l'isthme de Panama, il y a environ 2,8 millions d'ann\u00e9es. Cette date peut sembler ancienne, mais sur l'\u00e9chelle de l'\u00e9volution, les hameaux sont les nouveaux venus et continuent d'\u00e9voluer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

And then there is the suggestion that the rise and fall of sea levels segregated the color morphs. Further muddling the matter is the hypothesis that the mimicking of nonpredatory fishes drives the hamlets\u2019 various color patterns. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et qu'est-ce qu'une esp\u00e8ce exactement ? Cette question classique reste elle aussi d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9ment sans r\u00e9ponse, m\u00eame si les plus grands esprits de la biologie y ont r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi depuis les d\u00e9buts de la science de l'\u00e9volution. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Following the discovery of astounding differences in every genus of barnacles he studied, Charles Darwin wrote from his study at Down House: \u201cAfter describing a set of forms as distinct species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up and making them separate, and then making them one again, I have gnashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what sin I had committed to be so punished.\u201d AD<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 Alert Diver<\/em> - Q3 2023<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DEPUIS LA FIN DU XIXe si\u00e8cle, les taxonomistes marins d\u00e9battent du statut d'esp\u00e8ce des petits bars majestueux des Cara\u00efbes du genre Hypoplectrus, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9s hame\u00e7ons. Au c\u0153ur de la controverse se trouve l'essence m\u00eame de la taxonomie : Qu'est-ce qui d\u00e9finit une esp\u00e8ce ?<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":25682,"template":"","dan_alert_diver_categories":[68],"dan_alert_diver_issues":[487],"class_list":["post-25681","dan_alert_diver","type-dan_alert_diver","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_alert_diver_categories-encounters","dan_alert_diver_issues-q3-2023"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Hamlet Dilemma - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"SINCE THE LATE 1800S, debate among marine taxonomists has swirled around the species status of the stately little Caribbean sea basses in genus Hypoplectrus, commonly known as hamlets. At the heart of the controversy is the essence of taxonomy: What defines a species?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Hamlet Dilemma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SINCE THE LATE 1800S, debate among marine taxonomists has swirled around the species status of the stately little Caribbean sea basses in genus Hypoplectrus, commonly known as hamlets. At the heart of the controversy is the essence of taxonomy: What defines a species?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DAN World\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-19T16:05:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"569\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Hamlet Dilemma - DAN World\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/10\\\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-10-13T16:01:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-19T16:05:30+00:00\",\"description\":\"SINCE THE LATE 1800S, debate among marine taxonomists has swirled around the species status of the stately little Caribbean sea basses in genus Hypoplectrus, commonly known as hamlets. At the heart of the controversy is the essence of taxonomy: What defines a species?\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/10\\\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/10\\\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg\",\"width\":900,\"height\":569,\"caption\":\"Indigo hamlet\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/alert-diver\\\/article\\\/the-hamlet-dilemma\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The Hamlet Dilemma\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/\",\"name\":\"DAN World\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"DAN World\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-CA\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg\",\"width\":175,\"height\":52,\"caption\":\"DAN World\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.dan.org\\\/es\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Le dilemme d'Hamlet - DAN World","description":"DEPUIS LA FIN DU XIXe si\u00e8cle, les taxonomistes marins d\u00e9battent du statut d'esp\u00e8ce des petits bars majestueux des Cara\u00efbes du genre Hypoplectrus, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9s hame\u00e7ons. Au c\u0153ur de la controverse se trouve l'essence m\u00eame de la taxonomie : Qu'est-ce qui d\u00e9finit une esp\u00e8ce ?","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/","og_locale":"fr_CA","og_type":"article","og_title":"The Hamlet Dilemma","og_description":"SINCE THE LATE 1800S, debate among marine taxonomists has swirled around the species status of the stately little Caribbean sea basses in genus Hypoplectrus, commonly known as hamlets. At the heart of the controversy is the essence of taxonomy: What defines a species?","og_url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/","og_site_name":"DAN World","article_modified_time":"2023-10-19T16:05:30+00:00","og_image":[{"width":900,"height":569,"url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/","name":"Le dilemme d'Hamlet - DAN World","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg","datePublished":"2023-10-13T16:01:40+00:00","dateModified":"2023-10-19T16:05:30+00:00","description":"DEPUIS LA FIN DU XIXe si\u00e8cle, les taxonomistes marins d\u00e9battent du statut d'esp\u00e8ce des petits bars majestueux des Cara\u00efbes du genre Hypoplectrus, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9s hame\u00e7ons. Au c\u0153ur de la controverse se trouve l'essence m\u00eame de la taxonomie : Qu'est-ce qui d\u00e9finit une esp\u00e8ce ?","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Q3_113_Encounters.jpg","width":900,"height":569,"caption":"Indigo hamlet"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/alert-diver\/article\/the-hamlet-dilemma\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Hamlet Dilemma"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#website","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/","name":"DAN World","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-CA"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#organization","name":"DAN World","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg","width":175,"height":52,"caption":"DAN World"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_alert_diver\/25681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_alert_diver"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/dan_alert_diver"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"dan_alert_diver_categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_alert_diver_categories?post=25681"},{"taxonomy":"dan_alert_diver_issues","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_alert_diver_issues?post=25681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}