{"id":2076,"date":"2020-07-14T11:38:03","date_gmt":"2020-07-14T15:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_health_resources&#038;p=2076"},"modified":"2022-06-21T16:35:29","modified_gmt":"2022-06-21T20:35:29","slug":"contributing-factors","status":"publish","type":"dan_health_resources","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapitre 5 : Facteurs contribuant au stress de d\u00e9compression"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong><em>\u201cA number of factors contribute to your individual susceptibility to DCS and can even alter your susceptibility from day to day.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most significant risk factor is your exposure profile \u2014 that is, the time, depth and ascent rate of your dives. Some degree of exposure intensity is required to initiate a decompression insult, regardless of the presence of other predisposing factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, il existe une s\u00e9rie de facteurs qui peuvent jouer un r\u00f4le dans votre r\u00e9sultat si vous subissez une exposition suffisante pour que la SCD devienne une possibilit\u00e9. Plusieurs facteurs de risque courants sont d\u00e9crits dans ce chapitre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce chapitre, vous apprendrez ce qui suit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"#workload\">Charge de travail<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#thermal-stress\">Stress thermique<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#optimal-practices\">Pratiques optimales<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#postdive-air-travel\">Voyages a\u00e9riens apr\u00e8s la plong\u00e9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#medical-physical-fitness\">Condition physique et m\u00e9dicale<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#state-hydration\">\u00c9tat d'hydratation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#breathing-gas-mixture\">M\u00e9lange de gaz respiratoires<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#co2\">Niveau de dioxyde de carbone<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#pfo\">Foramen ovale patent<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#addl-factors\">Facteurs suppl\u00e9mentaires<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"workload\">Charge de travail<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pendant la plong\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1-448x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1-448x1024.jpg 448w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1-158x360.jpg 158w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1-5x12.jpg 5w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1-350x800.jpg 350w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-est-metabolic-energy-requirements-selected-physical-activities-DAN-512x1169-1.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Le moment et l'intensit\u00e9 de l'exercice au cours d'une plong\u00e9e peuvent affecter de mani\u00e8re significative le risque de DCS. Une charge de travail \u00e9lev\u00e9e pendant la descente et la phase de fond d'une plong\u00e9e augmentera l'absorption de gaz inerte, augmentant ainsi le stress de d\u00e9compression qui s'ensuit. Un effort vers la fin ou imm\u00e9diatement apr\u00e8s une plong\u00e9e, en particulier s'il implique des forces articulaires importantes, peut stimuler la formation de bulles et augmenter la probabilit\u00e9 que les bulles passent par les poumons sans \u00eatre filtr\u00e9es par la circulation sanguine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You should keep your exercise intensity as low as possible during the bottom phase of a dive. Mild exercise \u2014 on the order of no more than two to three times resting effort, and with very low joint forces \u2014 is appropriate during the upper ascent and stop phases of a dive. However, any exercise, particularly exercise involving high joint forces, should be avoided as long as possible after a dive. If you are unable to avoid postdive exercise, you should keep your dive profiles very conservative to minimize your overall risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thermal-stress\">Stress thermique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A diver\u2019s thermal status has long been known to influence decompression risk. The impact is best appreciated by considering the two fundamental phases of every dive: the descent and bottom phase, when gas uptake occurs, and the ascent and stop phase, when gas elimination occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deux phases<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant la descente et la phase de fond d'une plong\u00e9e, un \u00e9tat relativement chaud entra\u00eene une augmentation de l'absorption de gaz inerte, ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une plong\u00e9e plus profonde et\/ou plus longue. En revanche, si vous parvenez \u00e0 maintenir un \u00e9tat de fra\u00eecheur ou de neutralit\u00e9 thermique pendant la descente et la phase de fond, vous r\u00e9duirez efficacement l'absorption de gaz inerte. Cet effet b\u00e9n\u00e9fique sera encore amplifi\u00e9 si vous faites le moins d'efforts possible pendant cette phase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coldwater-diving-3262774-DAN-256x166-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coldwater-diving-3262774-DAN-256x166-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coldwater-diving-3262774-DAN-256x166-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant la phase de remont\u00e9e et de palier de votre plong\u00e9e, un \u00e9tat relativement chaud favorisera l'\u00e9limination des gaz inertes, r\u00e9duisant ainsi le stress global de d\u00e9compression. En revanche, un \u00e9tat frais ou froid pendant cette phase r\u00e9duira l'\u00e9limination des gaz inertes, prolongeant et augmentant \u00e9ventuellement le stress de d\u00e9compression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The decompression hazard associated with hot water suits \u2014 which effectively establish a warm condition in both phases of a dive \u2014 was established in a study of North Sea divers conducted 30 years ago (Shields and Lee 1986). The impact of thermal status on decompression stress was even more elegantly demonstrated in a recent study conducted by the U.S. Navy (Gerth et al. 2007). The controlled conditions of a research study cannot be directly correlated with everyday diving practices, but the key message from these studies is the importance of thoughtful thermal status. Keeping neutral on your way down \u2014 certainly avoiding unnecessary overheating \u2014 and warm on your way up (approaching a cool-warm pattern) will reduce the risk of DCS in comparison to being warmer on your way down and cool on your way up (a warm-cool pattern).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"optimal-practices\">Pratiques optimales<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The difficulty comes in reconciling optimal practices for decompression safety with divers\u2019 desires and normal practices. It is understandable for divers to want to warm themselves before the start of a dive, in anticipation of getting colder as the dive proceeds. Historically, divers did this by pouring warm water into their wetsuits or gloves before a dive. Then some divers began to place chemical hot packs in their suits. Modern divers have even more choices available to them, due to today\u2019s array of active heating garments suitable for use with either wetsuits or drysuits. The problem, though, remains the same: warming the body\u2019s peripheral tissues enhances circulation and increases the delivery of inert gases, particularly if the heating is applied early in a dive, when inert gas uptake is typically at its highest level. Furthermore, both warm water and chemical hot packs lose their effectiveness over time, potentially creating the warm-cool pattern shown to generate the greatest risk of DCS. Even active heating garments \u2014 which are able to keep the diver warm throughout a dive \u2014 involve a somewhat elevated risk. As shown with hot water suits, a warm-warm pattern, while associated with less DCS than a warm-cool pattern, remains more hazardous than a cool-warm pattern. Practically, divers should maintain adequate thermal protection to ensure clear thinking and physical capability. Excessive warming during dives should be avoided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Divers must also keep in mind that postdive warming can also influence decompression risk. Indulging in rapid postdive warming, such as by taking a hot shower or getting into a hot tub, decreases the solubility of inert gas in tissues. This will promote the formation of bubbles in local tissues, often before perfusion increases sufficiently to remove the gas. Skin symptoms, fortunately often mild and transient \u2014 not cutis marmorata \u2014 can develop with rapid warming of the skin postdive. The challenge is to get divers to prioritize safe decompression over pure comfort. If an active heating system is to be used, this means leaving it off or on its lowest setting during your descent and bottom phase, and then turning it up a modest amount during your ascent and stop phase. It also means delaying the postdive pleasure of jumping into a hot shower or hot tub. If delayed gratification is not your style, then you should use more conservative dive profiles to reduce your overall risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"postdive-air-travel\">Voyages a\u00e9riens apr\u00e8s la plong\u00e9e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/post-dive-travel-airplane-000016604674-DAN-256x171-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/post-dive-travel-airplane-000016604674-DAN-256x171-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/post-dive-travel-airplane-000016604674-DAN-256x171-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Les transports a\u00e9riens modernes permettent d'acc\u00e9der facilement \u00e0 des sites de plong\u00e9e \u00e9loign\u00e9s. Voler vers une destination proche du niveau de la mer avant de plonger n'engendre pratiquement aucun risque (en dehors de la possibilit\u00e9 d'une l\u00e9g\u00e8re d\u00e9shydratation ou d'une d\u00e9ficience due \u00e0 de longues p\u00e9riodes d'immobilit\u00e9 relative). Comme les vols se terminent par une compression, les tissus des passagers de l'avion seront sous-satur\u00e9s \u00e0 l'atterrissage et accumuleront ensuite des gaz inertes pour r\u00e9tablir l'\u00e9quilibre avec la pression ambiante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prendre l'avion apr\u00e8s avoir plong\u00e9 augmente cependant le stress de d\u00e9compression, car la pression dans la cabine de l'avion est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique au niveau du sol. Les avions commerciaux doivent \u00eatre capables de maintenir la pression de la cabine \u00e0 l'\u00e9quivalent de 8 000 pieds (2 438 m\u00e8tres), soit environ 0,76 ATA. Cela ne signifie pas que la pression de la cabine est toujours maintenue \u00e0 des pressions plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que 10 % des vols commerciaux test\u00e9s avaient une pression cabine sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 8 000 pieds (Hampson et al. 2013). Imaginez maintenant que vous venez de plonger \u00e0 66 pieds (20 m\u00e8tres), o\u00f9 vous avez ressenti une pression sous-marine de 3,0 ATA. Votre retour \u00e0 la surface et la pression de 1,0 ATA au niveau de la mer ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 soumis votre corps \u00e0 une pression trois fois moindre (3,0:1,0). Si vous montez ensuite dans un avion dont l'altitude cabine est de 8 000 pieds, vous serez soumis \u00e0 une pression quatre fois plus faible (3,0:0,76) et donc \u00e0 un stress de d\u00e9compression encore plus important. En outre, si votre avion subit une d\u00e9pressurisation improbable mais non impossible de la cabine, vous serez soumis \u00e0 un stress de d\u00e9compression encore plus important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le DAN et la Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) ont organis\u00e9 un atelier en 2002 afin d'examiner les donn\u00e9es disponibles concernant le stress de d\u00e9compression li\u00e9 au vol apr\u00e8s la plong\u00e9e et d'\u00e9laborer des directives consensuelles (Sheffield et Vann 2004). Ces lignes directrices ont fait l'objet de deux stipulations importantes : premi\u00e8rement, leur respect r\u00e9duira votre risque, mais ne garantit pas que vous \u00e9viterez le DCS, et deuxi\u00e8mement, le respect d'intervalles de surface encore plus longs que les minimums recommand\u00e9s r\u00e9duira encore davantage votre risque de DCS. En gardant \u00e0 l'esprit ces mises en garde, voici les lignes directrices :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Apr\u00e8s une seule plong\u00e9e sans d\u00e9compression, il est conseill\u00e9 de respecter un intervalle de surface avant le vol d'au moins 12 heures.<\/li><li>Apr\u00e8s plusieurs plong\u00e9es par jour ou plusieurs jours de plong\u00e9e, il est conseill\u00e9 de respecter un intervalle de surface avant le vol d'au moins 18 heures.<\/li><li>Apr\u00e8s des plong\u00e9es n\u00e9cessitant des paliers de d\u00e9compression, il y a peu d'\u00e9l\u00e9ments sur lesquels fonder une recommandation, mais un intervalle de surface avant le vol nettement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 18 heures est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme prudent.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Deux autres facteurs sont \u00e0 noter en ce qui concerne les directives DAN-UHMS sur les vols apr\u00e8s la plong\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>They apply to flights at altitudes of between 2,000 and 8,000 feet (610 and 2,438 meters). The effect of a flight at an altitude below 2,000 feet was considered mild enough not to warrant special consideration \u2014 giving divers the flexibility to engage in modest postdive air travel, such as a short, low-altitude, inter-island flight.<\/li><li>Elles ne s'appliquent qu'aux plongeurs qui ne pr\u00e9sentent aucun sympt\u00f4me de DCS. Il est essentiel qu'un plongeur qui pr\u00e9sente des sympt\u00f4mes de DCS consulte un m\u00e9decin avant de prendre l'avion.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to remember that any postdive ascent to a higher altitude \u2014 even using ground transportation \u2014 increases your decompression stress. Taking a cautious approach in such a case, by keeping your final dive profiles more conservative and\/or delaying your travel to the higher altitude, is always advisable. The U.S. Navy has generated detailed tables and procedures that allow computation of exposure limits to a greater range of altitudes and with more time flexibility than the DAN-UHMS guidelines (USN 2008). It is important to appreciate, though, that these are simply mathematical constructs based on the same data used in developing the DAN-UHMS guidelines. Furthermore, they require the computation of repetitive groups for planning, something that is done with dive tables but not dive computers. Despite these limitations, they can be useful, particularly for a regular pattern of altitude diving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"medical-physical-fitness\">Condition physique et m\u00e9dicale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/physical-fitness-activity-122465026-DAN-256x171-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/physical-fitness-activity-122465026-DAN-256x171-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/physical-fitness-activity-122465026-DAN-256x171-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Une mauvaise condition physique et m\u00e9dicale peut compromettre votre s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et augmenter votre risque de DCS. Les donn\u00e9es d\u00e9finitives sont limit\u00e9es, mais il ne fait aucun doute qu'il est prudent de maintenir un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de condition physique et de plonger progressivement de mani\u00e8re plus prudente \u00e0 mesure que la condition physique diminue. Il est possible de plonger en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pendant la majeure partie d'une vie normale, mais il est important pour tous les plongeurs d'obtenir une \u00e9valuation r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et objective de leurs capacit\u00e9s et d'adapter leurs pratiques de plong\u00e9e en cons\u00e9quence. Mais m\u00eame pour les plongeurs qui sont pass\u00e9s d'une forme de plong\u00e9e ind\u00e9pendante \u00e0 une forme de plong\u00e9e plus d\u00e9pendante, dans laquelle ils comptent de plus en plus sur le soutien des autres, il y aura un moment o\u00f9 ils devront raccrocher leurs palmes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recommandations en mati\u00e8re d'activit\u00e9 physique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Adults need two types of regular activity to maintain or improve their health\u2014aerobics and strength training. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends at least two and a half hours a week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to achieve health benefits, and five hours a week to achieve additional fitness benefits. And just as important as engaging in aerobic exercise is doing muscle-strengthening activities at least two days a week.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien qu'une bonne sant\u00e9 et une bonne condition physique ne r\u00e9solvent pas tous les probl\u00e8mes, la base est importante. Une r\u00e9serve physique suffisante peut permettre de r\u00e9agir rapidement pour \u00e9viter qu'un petit probl\u00e8me ne devienne grave. Des sc\u00e9narios pertinents peuvent \u00eatre facilement imagin\u00e9s pour presque toutes les plong\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La pratique r\u00e9guli\u00e8re d'exercices a\u00e9robiques pr\u00e9sente de nombreux avantages. La r\u00e9serve cardiaque est la diff\u00e9rence entre la vitesse \u00e0 laquelle le c\u0153ur pompe le sang au repos et sa capacit\u00e9 maximale. Une augmentation de cette r\u00e9serve peut permettre de r\u00e9pondre plus facilement aux exigences physiques de l'activit\u00e9 de plong\u00e9e et du stress. Les valeurs sanguines du cholest\u00e9rol peuvent s'am\u00e9liorer, ce qui r\u00e9duit la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 aux maladies cardiaques. La sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l'insuline peut \u00eatre am\u00e9lior\u00e9e, r\u00e9duisant ainsi le risque de d\u00e9velopper un diab\u00e8te. Bien que les donn\u00e9es sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 la plong\u00e9e soient beaucoup plus pr\u00e9liminaires, il existe \u00e9galement des preuves qu'un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 d'aptitude a\u00e9robique peut contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le stress de d\u00e9compression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La plupart des gens savent qu'\u00eatre en forme peut am\u00e9liorer leur qualit\u00e9 de vie. Toutefois, le temps fait des ravages, et c'est l\u00e0 un probl\u00e8me majeur. La facilit\u00e9 avec laquelle nous maintenons notre niveau de forme dans la vingtaine peut \u00eatre tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 au fil des d\u00e9cennies. La condition physique a\u00e9robie diminue en moyenne de 1 % par an apr\u00e8s l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans. Ce qu'il faut retenir, c'est que si un certain d\u00e9clin est in\u00e9vitable en raison d'une perte progressive de la masse musculaire et d'une r\u00e9duction de l'activit\u00e9 m\u00e9tabolique des muscles vieillissants, il est possible de ralentir le rythme et d'\u00e9largir l'\u00e9ventail des r\u00e9serves en adoptant le plus t\u00f4t possible des modes de vie sains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La condition physique n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la plong\u00e9e varie en fonction des exigences de l'environnement, de l'\u00e9quipement et de la nature de la plong\u00e9e. La meilleure strat\u00e9gie consiste \u00e0 int\u00e9grer une activit\u00e9 physique r\u00e9guli\u00e8re dans votre vie afin d'am\u00e9liorer ou de pr\u00e9server vos capacit\u00e9s et de prolonger votre vie de plongeur. Ne comptez pas sur la plong\u00e9e pour vous maintenir en bonne forme physique. Si elle est pratiqu\u00e9e correctement, elle devrait vous permettre de vous d\u00e9tendre dans l'eau. Pour maintenir ou d\u00e9velopper votre capacit\u00e9 a\u00e9robique et votre force, nagez, faites du v\u00e9lo, courez ou pratiquez toute autre activit\u00e9 physique que vous appr\u00e9ciez. Plus vous \u00eates en forme, plus vous pourrez jouer longtemps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Des recommandations d\u00e9taill\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re d'activit\u00e9 physique sont disponibles \u00e0 l'adresse suivante&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/physicalactivity\/everyone\/guidelines\">cdc.gov\/physicalactivity\/everyone\/guidelines<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"state-hydration\">\u00c9tat d'hydratation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/hydration-136608030-DAN-256x256-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9464\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/hydration-136608030-DAN-256x256-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/hydration-136608030-DAN-256x256-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/hydration-136608030-DAN-256x256-1-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption>l'eau<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dehydration gets a substantial amount of attention in the lay diving community as a risk factor for DCS, but probably more than is warranted. Sound hydration is important for good health, both for general and for diving health, but for your dive profile, thermal stress and exertion level are far more important risk factors for DCS. The undue focus on dehydration is probably a result of two issues. The first is that substantial fluid shifts can result from DCS, often creating a need for substantial fluid therapy and creating an impression that this was a cause, rather than a consequence, of the disease. The second issue is human nature \u2014 the understandable desire to assign blame for a condition that is capricious. DCS is fickle. A diver may adhere to a similar dive profile many times without incident but then develop DCS while following the very same profile. It is comforting to try and identify a single causal agent, even if this is more wishful than factual. It is important for divers to realize that a multitude of factors can subtly affect the risk on any one dive and that there is a probabilistic nature to the disease. Focusing on a range of strategies to reduce risk is more effective than trying to put all the blame on one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"breathing-gas-mixture\">M\u00e9lange de gaz respiratoires<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le m\u00e9lange de gaz respiratoires que vous utilisez et la mani\u00e8re dont vous l'utilisez peuvent jouer un r\u00f4le dans le d\u00e9veloppement du DCS. Un m\u00e9lange connu sous le nom d'air enrichi nitrox, ou simplement nitrox, est de plus en plus populaire pour la plong\u00e9e r\u00e9cr\u00e9ative. Le pourcentage d'oxyg\u00e8ne dans le m\u00e9lange est augment\u00e9, ce qui r\u00e9duit la fraction d'azote. Cela signifie qu'il y a moins d'absorption d'azote \u00e0 une profondeur donn\u00e9e. L'effet de d\u00e9compression du nitrox, compar\u00e9 \u00e0 celui de l'air, peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 en calculant ce que l'on appelle la profondeur \u00e9quivalente \u00e0 l'air (EAD). Le risque de DCS lors d'une plong\u00e9e au nitrox jusqu'aux limites de la table EAD n'est pas sensiblement diff\u00e9rent de celui d'une plong\u00e9e \u00e0 l'air jusqu'aux limites de la table de l'air. Il est possible d'obtenir un tampon de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de d\u00e9compression en utilisant du nitrox avec les limites de la table d'air, puisque cela r\u00e9duira votre absorption de gaz inerte par rapport \u00e0 l'utilisation de l'air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/nitrox-bottles-000005032949-DAN-800x500-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9465\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The critical caveat with nitrox is that its higher oxygen content means that a diver breathing nitrox is at risk of developing oxygen toxicity at a shallower depth than a diver breathing air. The recommended maximum partial pressure of oxygen \u2014 partial pressure being the portion of the total gas pressure represented by a single gas \u2014 is 1.4 ATA for recreational diving. When diving with air (21 percent oxygen), this level is reached at a seawater depth of 187 feet (57 meters) \u2014 beyond the usual recreational diving limit (187 feet of seawater = 6.6 ATA * 0.21 ATA oxygen in air = 1.4 ATA). When diving with a 32 percent nitrox mixture, this level is reached at a seawater depth of 111 feet (34 meters), and with 36-percent nitrox at just 95 feet (29 meters) \u2014 depths commonly reached by recreational divers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"co2\">Niveau de dioxyde de carbone<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/female-diver-checks-equipment-DAN-256x384-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/female-diver-checks-equipment-DAN-256x384-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/female-diver-checks-equipment-DAN-256x384-1-240x360.jpg 240w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/female-diver-checks-equipment-DAN-256x384-1-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Elevated levels of carbon dioxide can increase the risk of DCS and lower the threshold for oxygen toxicity. Carbon dioxide is a potent vasodilator, meaning it causes the blood vessels to widen, increasing blood flow and the delivery of gases to tissues. Factors that can raise divers\u2019 carbon dioxide levels include the increased dead space of breathing equipment (gas volume that must be moved but does not take part in gas exchange), the additional work of breathing dense gas underwater, and exercise. Using a well-designed and well-maintained breathing system, minimizing physical effort and remaining relaxed while underwater can minimize carbon dioxide increase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pfo\">Foramen ovale patent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/patent-forament-ovale-DAN-512x576-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/patent-forament-ovale-DAN-512x576-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/patent-forament-ovale-DAN-512x576-1-320x360.jpg 320w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/patent-forament-ovale-DAN-512x576-1-11x12.jpg 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO), literally, open ovale window, is a persistent opening between the left and right atria of the heart. In fetal circulation, a major opening between the atria allows blood to largely bypass the lungs that are not yet being used for gas exchange. A flap normally closes over the opening after birth and is sealed by tissue. In approximately 25 percent of the population, a partial opening remains, the PFO. The opening can range in size from functionally irrelevant to physiologically significant, the latter allowing a substantial portion of blood to be shunting from the right heart to the left heart, bypassing gas exchange and filtration in the lungs. PFOs typically produce no symptoms and individuals are unaware of their status unless they are incidentally discovered through medical tests. However, the presence of a large PFO may increase the risk of DCS in divers who develop significant bubble loads. The correlation between PFO and DCS risk is not a clear one, since the frequency of PFO in the population is fairly high while DCS is relatively rare. The safest strategy \u2014 even if you have not been diagnosed with a PFO, but most certainly if you have \u2014 is to dive in a manner calculated to keep your bubble load low; this effectively eliminates any concern that bubbles might pass through a PFO and bypass the lungs, where they would normally be filtered out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le consensus le plus r\u00e9pandu est que le d\u00e9pistage du FOP chez tous les plongeurs n'est probablement pas justifi\u00e9. Et m\u00eame chez les plongeurs chez qui un FOP a \u00e9t\u00e9 diagnostiqu\u00e9, la d\u00e9cision de proc\u00e9der ou non \u00e0 une fermeture chirurgicale est un choix que chaque individu doit examiner attentivement avec une \u00e9quipe m\u00e9dicale bien inform\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"addl-factors\">Facteurs suppl\u00e9mentaires<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/nutrition-factors-000042523300-DAN-256x384-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/nutrition-factors-000042523300-DAN-256x384-1.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/nutrition-factors-000042523300-DAN-256x384-1-240x360.jpg 240w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/nutrition-factors-000042523300-DAN-256x384-1-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption>Delicious  portion of fresh salmon fillet  with aromatic herbs, spices and vegetables \u2013 healthy food, diet or cooking concept<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A host of other factors may also contribute to any given individual\u2019s risk of DCS. Some probably play minor roles, and some potentially play important roles that have not yet been fully defined. Nutritional status, for example, plays a major role in one\u2019s general health and often in one\u2019s physical fitness, too. While research on the subject of nutrition and diving is limited, it is possible that it also affects decompression safety. For example, one study assessed the relationship between cholesterol levels and decompression-induced bubbles. Doppler ultrasound was used to classify the 30 subjects as either \u201cbubble-prone\u201d or \u201cbubble-resistant.\u201d Among the study\u2019s findings was that, on average, bubble-prone subjects had higher total blood cholesterol levels than the bubble-resistant subjects (Webb et al. 1988). Additional research into this and many other areas is needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le sexe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe peu de preuves dans la litt\u00e9rature de la m\u00e9decine de plong\u00e9e que le sexe joue un r\u00f4le dans le d\u00e9veloppement du DCS. M\u00eame si les femmes pr\u00e9sentent un risque l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9, comme le sugg\u00e8re la litt\u00e9rature sur la m\u00e9decine a\u00e9ronautique, il est possible que des choix plus s\u00fbrs en ce qui concerne les pratiques de plong\u00e9e puissent compenser une susceptibilit\u00e9 physiologique l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c2ge<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'\u00e2ge avanc\u00e9 est parfois consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un facteur d'augmentation du risque de SAD, mais il peut simplement refl\u00e9ter les caract\u00e9ristiques typiques d'une condition physique et m\u00e9dicale compromise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><strong>Suivant :&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/closing-thoughts\/\">Chapter 6 \u2013 Summary and Closing Thoughts &gt;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;A number of factors contribute to your individual susceptibility to DCS and can even alter your susceptibility from day to day.&#8221; The most significant risk factor is your exposure profile [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":9489,"parent":1642,"menu_order":41,"template":"","dan_health_resource_types":[405],"class_list":["post-2076","dan_health_resources","type-dan_health_resources","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_health_resource_types-dive-medical-reference-books"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chapter 5: Factors Contributing to Decompression Stress - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Many factors can play a role in your outcome if you have a possibility of decompression sickness. 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This chapter outlines several common risk factors.","twitter_image":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/factors-decompression-stress-1175441995-DAN-1200x700-1.jpg","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/","name":"Chapitre 5 : Facteurs contribuant au stress de d\u00e9compression - DAN World","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/factors-decompression-stress-1175441995-DAN-1200x700-1.jpg","datePublished":"2020-07-14T15:38:03+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-21T20:35:29+00:00","description":"De nombreux facteurs peuvent influer sur votre sort si vous \u00eates susceptible de souffrir d'un accident de d\u00e9compression. Ce chapitre pr\u00e9sente plusieurs facteurs de risque courants.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-CA","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/factors-decompression-stress-1175441995-DAN-1200x700-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/factors-decompression-stress-1175441995-DAN-1200x700-1.jpg","width":1200,"height":700},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Health Resources","item":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/health-resources\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Decompression Sickness","item":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Chapter 5: Factors Contributing to Decompression Stress"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#website","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/","name":"DAN World","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-CA"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#organization","name":"DAN World","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-CA","@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/DAN-World-logo-sm-52px.svg","width":175,"height":52,"caption":"DAN World"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/es\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_health_resources\/2076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_health_resources"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/dan_health_resources"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_health_resources\/1642"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"dan_health_resource_types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dan_health_resource_types?post=2076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}