{"id":2116,"date":"2020-07-14T08:50:14","date_gmt":"2020-07-14T12:50:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wordpress.world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_health_resources&#038;p=2116"},"modified":"2020-09-17T12:02:46","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T16:02:46","slug":"risk-factors-for-cardiovascular-disease","status":"publish","type":"dan_health_resources","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/the-heart-diving\/risk-factors-for-cardiovascular-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapitre 2 : Facteurs de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em><strong>\u201cCoronary heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in both North America and Europe.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It behooves divers to be aware of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis, and of specific measures they can take to mitigate them. Atherosclerosis \u2014 popularly known as \u201chardening of the arteries\u201d \u2014 is the most common affliction of the heart. Its prevalence increases with age, and it causes premature death in many people. Indeed, it is often assumed to be associated with normal aging. However, the disorder can be prevented \u2014 or at least slowed down \u2014 and a physically active lifestyle extended well into older age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce chapitre, vous apprendrez ce qui suit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"#cardio-risk-factors\">Aper\u00e7u des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#hypertension\">L\u2019hypertension<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#hyperlipidemia\">Hyperlipid\u00e9mie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#overweight-obesity\">Surcharge pond\u00e9rale et ob\u00e9sit\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#metabolic-syndrome\">Syndrome m\u00e9tabolique<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cardio-risk-factors\">Aper\u00e7u des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les manifestations les plus courantes des maladies cardiovasculaires acquises (plut\u00f4t que cong\u00e9nitales) sont les maladies coronariennes, les accidents vasculaires c\u00e9r\u00e9braux et les maladies art\u00e9rielles p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques. La maladie coronarienne est l'une des principales causes de morbidit\u00e9 et de mortalit\u00e9 chez les adultes en Am\u00e9rique du Nord et en Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The likelihood that a given individual will acquire cardiovascular disease and suffer a life-threatening cardiovascular event depends on many risk factors. Some risk factors \u2014 such as family history, gender, ethnicity and age \u2014 cannot be changed. Other risk factors are modifiable \u2014 including some involuntary health conditions and some lifestyle-related factors. Involuntary conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes can be treated with medication as well as with diet and lifestyle adjustments. Lifestyle-related risk factors include tobacco use, an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and excessive alcohol consumption \u2014 all of which can be voluntarily changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to understand that having any of these risk factors does not mean that you will definitely develop cardiovascular disease. However, the more risk factors you have, the greater is the likelihood that you will develop cardiovascular disease \u2014 unless you control your involuntary health conditions and adopt a healthy lifestyle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les pourcentages suivants de d\u00e9c\u00e8s caus\u00e9s par les maladies cardiovasculaires peuvent \u00eatre attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 ces facteurs de risque sp\u00e9cifiques :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hypertension art\u00e9rielle : 13%<\/li><li>Consommation de tabac : 9%<\/li><li>Hyperglyc\u00e9mie : 6%<\/li><li>S\u00e9dentarit\u00e9 : 6%<\/li><li>Surpoids et ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 : 5%<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hypertension\">L\u2019hypertension<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common medical condition in the general population as well as among divers. Blood pressure is a measure of the force with which blood pushes outward on the arterial walls. A blood-pressure reading is a ratio of two numbers. The top number is the systolic pressure, when your heart is beating, and the bottom number is the diastolic pressure, when your heart is resting between beats. The unit of measurement for a blood-pressure reading is millimeters of mercury, which is abbreviated as \u201cmmHg\u201d; a normal reading is 120\/80 mmHg, often referred to as \u201c120 over 80.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les crit\u00e8res de diagnostic de l'hypertension varient l\u00e9g\u00e8rement d'un pays \u00e0 l'autre et m\u00eame d'une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l'autre. Le tableau ci-dessous pr\u00e9sente les crit\u00e8res les plus courants aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"545\" src=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-3-classification-of-blood-pressure-categories.jpg\" alt=\"Tableau 3. Classification des cat\u00e9gories de pression art\u00e9rielle (AHA)\" class=\"wp-image-2120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-3-classification-of-blood-pressure-categories.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-3-classification-of-blood-pressure-categories-360x192.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-3-classification-of-blood-pressure-categories-768x409.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/table-3-classification-of-blood-pressure-categories-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Source : American Heart Association<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Statistiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>78 million American adults (or 31% \u2014 almost 1 in 3) have hypertension.<\/li><li>69% des personnes ayant subi une premi\u00e8re crise cardiaque, 77% des personnes ayant subi un premier accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral et 74% des personnes souffrant d'insuffisance cardiaque chronique souffrent d'hypertension ; c'est \u00e9galement un facteur de risque majeur pour les maladies r\u00e9nales.<\/li><li>En 2009, 348 000 d\u00e9c\u00e8s am\u00e9ricains ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 l'hypertension, qu'il s'agisse d'une cause principale ou d'une cause secondaire.<\/li><li>$47,5 milliards d'euros sont d\u00e9pens\u00e9s chaque ann\u00e9e en frais m\u00e9dicaux directs li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'hypertension.<\/li><li>L'hypertension entra\u00eene une perte de productivit\u00e9 de $3,5 milliards d'euros par an.<\/li><li>Seuls 47% (moins de la moiti\u00e9) des hypertendus contr\u00f4lent leur maladie.<\/li><li>30 % des adultes am\u00e9ricains souffrent de pr\u00e9hypertension.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources : Centres am\u00e9ricains de contr\u00f4le et de pr\u00e9vention des maladies; et American Heart Association.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/doctor-woman-blood-pressure-cuff-measurement.jpg\" alt=\"le m\u00e9decin mesure la tension art\u00e9rielle d&#039;une femme \u00e0 l&#039;aide d&#039;un brassard\" class=\"wp-image-2123\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/doctor-woman-blood-pressure-cuff-measurement.jpg 512w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/doctor-woman-blood-pressure-cuff-measurement-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/doctor-woman-blood-pressure-cuff-measurement-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Two kinds of complications face a person with hypertension: short term and long term. Short-term complications generally result from extremely high blood pressure; the most significant is the risk of a stroke (also called a \u201ccerebrovascular accident\u201d) due to the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. Long-term detrimental effects are more common; they include coronary artery disease, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, eye problems and cerebrovascular disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'hypertension l\u00e9g\u00e8re peut souvent \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par un r\u00e9gime alimentaire et de l'exercice physique ; cependant, des m\u00e9dicaments peuvent \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaires pour maintenir la tension art\u00e9rielle dans des limites tol\u00e9rables. De nombreuses classes de m\u00e9dicaments sont utilis\u00e9es pour traiter l'hypertension, et leurs effets secondaires varient. Certaines personnes doivent changer de m\u00e9dicaments lorsqu'un d'entre eux semble ou devient inefficace. D'autres peuvent avoir besoin de prendre plus d'un m\u00e9dicament \u00e0 la fois pour maintenir leur tension art\u00e9rielle sous contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une classe de m\u00e9dicaments antihypertenseurs connus sous le nom de b\u00eata-bloquants peut entra\u00eener une diminution de la tol\u00e9rance maximale \u00e0 l'effort et peut \u00e9galement avoir un certain effet sur les voies respiratoires. Ces effets secondaires ne posent normalement aucun probl\u00e8me au plongeur moyen. Une autre classe d'antihypertenseurs, connue sous le nom d'inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (ECA), peut \u00eatre pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e par les plongeurs, bien qu'une toux persistante soit un effet secondaire possible des inhibiteurs de l'ECA. Les inhibiteurs calciques constituent un autre choix, mais un effet secondaire potentiel de ces m\u00e9dicaments est la sensation de t\u00eate l\u00e9g\u00e8re lors du passage de la position assise ou couch\u00e9e \u00e0 la position debout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diuretics \u2014 drugs that promote the production of urine \u2014 are also frequently used to treat hypertension. Their use requires careful attention to maintaining adequate hydration and to monitoring electrolyte levels in the blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Effet sur la plong\u00e9e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As long as an individual\u2019s blood pressure is under control, the main concerns regarding fitness to dive are side effects of any medication(s) and evidence of damage to the major organs. Most antihypertensive drugs are compatible with diving as long as side effects are minimal and the diver\u2019s performance in the water is not significantly compromised. In addition, a diver with long-standing hypertension should be monitored for evidence of associated damage to the heart and kidneys.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les plongeurs qui contr\u00f4lent correctement leur tension art\u00e9rielle et qui ne pr\u00e9sentent pas de diminution significative de leurs performances dans l'eau en raison des effets secondaires des m\u00e9dicaments devraient pouvoir plonger en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Toutefois, il est important que ces plongeurs subissent des examens physiques r\u00e9guliers, y compris le d\u00e9pistage des cons\u00e9quences \u00e0 long terme de l'hypertension, telles que la maladie coronarienne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"hyperlipidemia\">Hyperlipid\u00e9mie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cholesterol \u2014 a soft, waxy substance \u2014 is one of the lipids found in the blood and, indeed, in all the cells of the body. Important to the healthy functioning of our bodies, cholesterol is a part of our cells\u2019 membranes and is used in the production of hormones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ldl-bad-cholesterol-build-up-in-arteries.jpg\" alt=\"Le cholest\u00e9rol LDL peut s&#039;accumuler dans les art\u00e8res\" class=\"wp-image-2126\" width=\"384\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ldl-bad-cholesterol-build-up-in-arteries.jpg 512w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ldl-bad-cholesterol-build-up-in-arteries-360x236.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ldl-bad-cholesterol-build-up-in-arteries-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The cholesterol in the human body may originate from foods rich in cholesterol \u2014 such as meat, eggs and diary products \u2014 or it can be made internally by our bodies. The body can also produce cholesterol from foods that do not themselves contain cholesterol but that do contain saturated fat \u2014 such as palm oil and coconut oil \u2014 or from trans fats \u2014 such as fried food in restaurants and commercial cakes or cookies. Cholesterol by itself does not dissolve in blood; it has to be combined with proteins to form soluble lipoprotein particles. Lipoproteins come in two forms: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LDL is considered \u201cbad cholesterol\u201d because too much of it leads to a narrowing and stiffening of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol, which accumulate in deposits called \u201cplaques\u201d on the arteries\u2019 inner walls. This condition is called atherosclerosis. It contributes to hypertension and causes peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke \u2014 as well as erectile dysfunction in men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, HDL cholesterol is considered \u201cgood cholesterol\u201d because it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by transporting cholesterol away from the bloodstream and back to the liver, which facilitates its removal from the body. HDL thus helps to prevent the buildup of cholesterol plaques on the walls of the arteries. An individual\u2019s HDL cholesterol level is to some extent a factor of one\u2019s genetic makeup. But HDL levels can be lowered by type 2 diabetes; certain drugs, such as beta blockers and anabolic steroids; smoking; being overweight; and being sedentary. On the other hand, estrogen, a female hormone, raises HDL levels, partially explaining why cardiovascular disease is less prevalent in premenopausal women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Triglycerides are another factor in hyperlipidemia. Triglyceride is the most common type of fat in the body. Normal triglyceride levels vary by age and sex. High triglyceride levels combined with high levels of LDL cholesterol increase one\u2019s risk of cardiovascular disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Votre taux de cholest\u00e9rol est une mesure composite de tous ces lipides, exprim\u00e9e en milligrammes par d\u00e9cilitre de sang (mg\/dL) ou en millimoles par litre de sang (mmol\/L).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>De nombreux experts am\u00e9ricains recommandent les taux de cholest\u00e9rol suivants :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cholest\u00e9rol total : 200 mg\/dL (5,2 mmol\/L)<\/li><li>Cholest\u00e9rol LDL : de moins de 70 mg\/dL (1,8 mmol\/L) \u00e0 129 mg\/dL (3,3 mmol\/L), selon votre \u00e9tat de sant\u00e9.<\/li><li>Cholest\u00e9rol HDL : sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 60 mg\/dL (1,6 mmol\/L)<\/li><li>Triglyc\u00e9rides : inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 150 mg\/dL (3,9 mmol\/L)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Source : American Heart Association<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'American Heart Association recommande \u00e0 tous les adultes \u00e2g\u00e9s de 20 ans et plus de faire v\u00e9rifier leur taux de cholest\u00e9rol et d'autres facteurs de risque d'hyperlipid\u00e9mie tous les quatre \u00e0 six ans, et de travailler avec leurs prestataires de soins de sant\u00e9 pour d\u00e9terminer leur risque de maladie cardiovasculaire et d'accident vasculaire c\u00e9r\u00e9bral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"overweight-obesity\">Surcharge pond\u00e9rale et ob\u00e9sit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/weight-scale.jpg\" alt=\"\u00e9chelle de poids\" class=\"wp-image-2130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/weight-scale.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/weight-scale-235x360.jpg 235w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/weight-scale-8x12.jpg 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Les termes&nbsp;<em>surcharge pond\u00e9rale<\/em>&nbsp;et&nbsp;<em>l'ob\u00e9sit\u00e9<\/em>&nbsp;se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 un poids corporel par rapport \u00e0 la taille sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 ce qui est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme sain ; ces deux conditions se traduisent souvent (mais pas n\u00e9cessairement) par une proportion plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e de graisse corporelle, appel\u00e9e tissu adipeux, par rapport \u00e0 la masse musculaire maigre.&nbsp;<em>Surcharge pond\u00e9rale<\/em>&nbsp;s'applique aux personnes dont le poids est l\u00e9g\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9, et&nbsp;<em>l'ob\u00e9sit\u00e9<\/em>&nbsp;aux personnes pr\u00e9sentant une surcharge pond\u00e9rale importante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Statistiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>69% des adultes am\u00e9ricains (plus des deux tiers) sont en surpoids ou ob\u00e8ses.<\/li><li>Adult obesity rates have more than doubled in just over 30 years, from 15% in 1976\u20131980 to 36% percent in 2009\u20132010.<\/li><li>10 years ago, the obesity rate was significantly higher among women than men; currently, the rates are essentially the same \u2014 within a few decimal places of 36% for both men and women.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>L'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) est une fa\u00e7on courante d'exprimer le rapport entre le poids et la taille. Les \u00e9quations suivantes sont utilis\u00e9es pour calculer l'IMC :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/calculate-bmi-using-imperial-or-metric-measurements-figure.jpg\" alt=\"comment calculer l&#039;indice de masse corporelle en fonction des mesures imp\u00e9riales et m\u00e9triques\" class=\"wp-image-2131\" width=\"429\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/calculate-bmi-using-imperial-or-metric-measurements-figure.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/calculate-bmi-using-imperial-or-metric-measurements-figure-360x181.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/calculate-bmi-using-imperial-or-metric-measurements-figure-768x386.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/calculate-bmi-using-imperial-or-metric-measurements-figure-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"287\" src=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/classification-of-weight-status-based-on-bmi-table.jpg\" alt=\"Tableau - Classification du statut pond\u00e9ral en fonction de l&#039;IMC\" class=\"wp-image-2133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/classification-of-weight-status-based-on-bmi-table.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/classification-of-weight-status-based-on-bmi-table-11x12.jpg 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>L'IMC est une mesure importante pour comprendre les tendances de la population, mais elle pr\u00e9sente certaines limites :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Il peut surestimer la proportion de graisse corporelle chez les athl\u00e8tes et les personnes muscl\u00e9es.<\/li><li>Il peut sous-estimer la proportion de graisse corporelle chez les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es et chez celles qui ont perdu de la masse musculaire.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Accordingly, BMI is just one of many factors that should be considered in evaluating whether an individual is at a healthy weight \u2014 along with waist size, waist-to-hip ratio and a measurement known as \u201cskin-fold thickness.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"metabolic-syndrome\">Syndrome m\u00e9tabolique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le syndrome m\u00e9tabolique est un trouble qui affecte la fa\u00e7on dont l'organisme utilise et stocke l'\u00e9nergie. Selon l'American Heart Association, un diagnostic de syndrome m\u00e9tabolique requiert la pr\u00e9sence d'au moins trois des conditions suivantes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Abdominal obesity \u2014 defined as a waist circumference of 40 inches (102 centimeters) or above for men and 35 inches (89 centimeters) or above for women).<\/li><li>Un taux de triglyc\u00e9rides \u00e9gal ou sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 150 mg\/dL (3,9 mmol\/L).<\/li><li>Un taux de cholest\u00e9rol HDL inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 40 mg\/dL (1,0 mmol\/L) pour les hommes et \u00e0 50 mg\/dL (1,3 mmol\/L) pour les femmes.<\/li><li>Une tension art\u00e9rielle \u00e9gale ou sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 130\/85 mmHg ou l'utilisation de m\u00e9dicaments contre l'hypertension.<\/li><li>Une glyc\u00e9mie \u00e0 jeun \u00e9gale ou sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 100 mg\/dL (5,6 mmol\/L) ou l'utilisation de m\u00e9dicaments contre l'hyperglyc\u00e9mie.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Le syndrome m\u00e9tabolique est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de maladie cardiovasculaire. Parmi les autres troubles associ\u00e9s au syndrome m\u00e9tabolique figurent le dysfonctionnement endoth\u00e9lial et l'inflammation chronique de bas grade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mesurer le tour de taille pour d\u00e9tecter l'ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 abdominale, c'est-\u00e0-dire la pr\u00e9sence de plus de graisse au niveau de la taille qu'au niveau des hanches, est un bon point de d\u00e9part pour \u00e9valuer si vous \u00eates atteint du syndrome m\u00e9tabolique. Ceci est important car l'ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 abdominale repr\u00e9sente un risque plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de maladies cardiaques et de diab\u00e8te de type 2, et le risque augmente progressivement \u00e0 mesure que le tour de taille d\u00e9passe les dimensions mentionn\u00e9es ci-dessus. Les implications de ces facteurs sont illustr\u00e9es dans le tableau ci-dessous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"526\" src=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/disease-risks-associated-with-increased-bmi-and-increased-waist-circumference-table.jpg\" alt=\"Tableau. Risques de maladie associ\u00e9s \u00e0 une augmentation de l&#039;IMC et du tour de taille\" class=\"wp-image-2136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/disease-risks-associated-with-increased-bmi-and-increased-waist-circumference-table.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/disease-risks-associated-with-increased-bmi-and-increased-waist-circumference-table-360x185.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/disease-risks-associated-with-increased-bmi-and-increased-waist-circumference-table-768x395.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/disease-risks-associated-with-increased-bmi-and-increased-waist-circumference-table-18x9.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Source : National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute : National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Institut national du c\u0153ur, du poumon et du sang)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><strong>Suivant : <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/the-heart-diving\/structural-anomalies-of-the-heart\/\"><strong>Chapter 3 \u2013 Structural Anomalies<\/strong> &gt;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in both North America and Europe.&#8221; It behooves divers to be aware of the risk factors for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":2110,"menu_order":48,"template":"","dan_health_resource_types":[405],"class_list":["post-2116","dan_health_resources","type-dan_health_resources","status-publish","hentry","dan_health_resource_types-dive-medical-reference-books"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - 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