{"id":732,"date":"2020-06-02T15:22:52","date_gmt":"2020-06-02T19:22:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dan.devhammer.com\/?post_type=dan_health_resources&#038;p=732"},"modified":"2020-09-17T09:42:27","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T13:42:27","slug":"ears-equalization","status":"publish","type":"dan_health_resources","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/ears-diving\/ears-equalization\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapitre 1 : Informations cl\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L'oreille est un organe complexe qui permet l'orientation dans l'espace, les activit\u00e9s physiques quotidiennes et la communication sociale. Bien que l'anatomie de l'oreille puisse \u00eatre intimidante dans une certaine mesure, nous avons essay\u00e9 de fournir une image simplifi\u00e9e mais explicative afin d'am\u00e9liorer votre compr\u00e9hension des processus importants pour la plong\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L'\u00e9galisation de la pression dans l'oreille moyenne est la comp\u00e9tence la plus importante pour les plongeurs. Si elle n'est pas ma\u00eetris\u00e9e correctement, les plongeurs peuvent \u00eatre bless\u00e9s et parfois handicap\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on permanente. Chez les plongeurs dont les oreilles sont saines, le barotraumatisme auriculaire peut \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9. Les plongeurs doivent consacrer du temps et des efforts \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise des techniques d'\u00e9galisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce chapitre, vous apprendrez ce qui suit :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"#anatomy-of-the-ear\">Anatomie de l'oreille<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#middle-ear-equalization\">\u00c9galisation des oreilles moyennes<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anatomy-of-the-ear\">Anatomie de l'oreille<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>L'oreille est l'organe de l'audition et de l'\u00e9quilibre. Elle consiste en une cavit\u00e9 dans la structure du cr\u00e2ne, tapiss\u00e9e de tissus mous, qui renferme trois espaces distincts remplis d'air ou de liquide (oreille externe, moyenne et interne) ; ces espaces distincts abritent \u00e0 la fois des m\u00e9canismes de transmission du son et des appareils sensoriels.<br><br><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/anatomy-of-ear-EarArt2-DAN-800x500-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11801\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/anatomy-of-ear-EarArt2-DAN-800x500-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/anatomy-of-ear-EarArt2-DAN-800x500-1-360x225.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/anatomy-of-ear-EarArt2-DAN-800x500-1-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/anatomy-of-ear-EarArt2-DAN-800x500-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/media.world.dan.org\/mdn\/10209.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Structure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L'oreille externe comprend le pavillon et le conduit auditif jusqu'au tympan, qui la s\u00e9pare de l'oreille moyenne. Le rev\u00eatement de l'oreille externe est constitu\u00e9 d'une peau riche en glandes qui produisent le c\u00e9rumen.<br><br>L'oreille moyenne est une cavit\u00e9 situ\u00e9e dans l'os temporal et tapiss\u00e9e d'une fine couche de tissu semblable \u00e0 celle que l'on trouve dans le nez et la gorge. Elle est s\u00e9par\u00e9e du conduit auditif par le tympan et reli\u00e9e \u00e0 la gorge par la trompe d'Eustache. Elle comprend trois os minuscules (osselets auditifs) formant la cha\u00eene attach\u00e9e au tympan d'un c\u00f4t\u00e9 et \u00e0 la membrane de la fen\u00eatre ovale du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l'oreille interne. L'espace de l'oreille moyenne est rempli d'air \u00e0 la pression ambiante, qui doit \u00eatre \u00e9galis\u00e9 lorsque la pression ambiante change (comme c'est le cas en plong\u00e9e ou en vol). Pour ce faire, on fait entrer ou sortir l'air par les trompes d'Eustache, qui relient la gorge \u00e0 l'oreille moyenne, en utilisant des techniques d'\u00e9galisation telles que la man\u0153uvre de Valsalva.<br><br>L'oreille interne, ou labyrinthe, comprend la cochl\u00e9e (organe de l'audition), le vestibule et les canaux semi-circulaires (organes de l'\u00e9quilibre). La cochl\u00e9e et le vestibule sont \u00e0 l'origine des nerfs auditifs et vestibulaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fonction<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les ondes de pression transmises par l'air ou l'eau sont achemin\u00e9es par le pavillon et le conduit auditif jusqu'\u00e0 la membrane tympanique. Les ondes de pression font vibrer la membrane tympanique, ce qui entra\u00eene le d\u00e9placement simultan\u00e9 des osselets auditifs. L'\u00e9trier (le dernier os de la cha\u00eene) frappe la fen\u00eatre ovale de la cochl\u00e9e. Comme il s'agit d'un syst\u00e8me ferm\u00e9, lorsque la fen\u00eatre ovale est pouss\u00e9e vers l'int\u00e9rieur, la fen\u00eatre ronde est pouss\u00e9e vers l'ext\u00e9rieur. Le liquide contenu dans la cochl\u00e9e transmet les ondes de pression au nerf auditif qui, \u00e0 son tour, envoie au cerveau des signaux qui sont interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s comme des sons.<br><br>Certaines parties du vestibule sont des projections connues sous le nom de canaux semi-circulaires. Le liquide contenu dans ce syst\u00e8me se d\u00e9place en fonction des mouvements de la t\u00eate. \u00c0 l'int\u00e9rieur des canaux semi-circulaires se trouvent des structures ressemblant \u00e0 des cheveux, appel\u00e9es cils. Les cils d\u00e9tectent les mouvements du liquide dans les canaux et envoient les signaux par l'interm\u00e9diaire des nerfs vestibulaires au cerveau, o\u00f9 le mouvement est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 et utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9terminer la position de la t\u00eate dans l'espace tridimensionnel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"middle-ear-equalization\">\u00c9galisation des oreilles moyennes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>L'\u00e9galisation de l'oreille moyenne est une comp\u00e9tence de base du plongeur qui permet d'\u00e9galiser la pression dans les sinus et les espaces de l'oreille moyenne avec la pression ambiante.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ear-barotrauma-Art-DAN-800x450-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11803\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ear-barotrauma-Art-DAN-800x450-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ear-barotrauma-Art-DAN-800x450-1-360x203.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ear-barotrauma-Art-DAN-800x450-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ear-barotrauma-Art-DAN-800x450-1-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>La proc\u00e9dure en pratique<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Au fur et \u00e0 mesure que les plongeurs descendent dans la colonne d'eau, la pression environnementale augmente de fa\u00e7on lin\u00e9aire \u00e0 raison d'une demi-livre par pouce carr\u00e9 (PSI) pour chaque pied (0,1 kg\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;for each meter) and transmits across the body tissues and fluids. Boyle\u2019s law describes how the volume of the gas decreases when pressure increases, if the amount (mass) of gas and the temperature remain the same. The middle ear is a rigid cavity with the exception of the eardrum. So when pressure increases, the only way for the volume to decrease is the bowing of the eardrum toward the middle-ear cavity (unless gas is added to the space). After the eardrum stretches to its limits, further reduction of middle-ear cavity volume is not possible; if descent continues, the pressure in the middle-ear cavity remains lower than its surroundings. Modest pressure difference will cause leakage of fluid and bleeding from the eardrum and mucosa lining the middle-ear cavity (ear barotrauma O\u2019Neil grade 1). When the pressure difference reaches 5 PSI (0.35 bar), the eardrum may rupture in some divers; at a pressure difference greater than 10 PSI (0.75 bar), rupture will occur in most divers (ear barotrauma O\u2019Neil grade 2). In addition, sudden and large pressure changes may cause inner-ear injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vous comprenez maintenant pourquoi, pendant la descente, vous devez laisser entrer plus de gaz dans votre oreille moyenne pour maintenir le volume du gaz constant et \u00e9galiser la pression. Une oreille moyenne normale n'a qu'une seule communication physique avec la source de gaz suppl\u00e9mentaire : la trompe d'Eustache, qui est reli\u00e9e \u00e0 la cavit\u00e9 nasale (rhinopharynx). Dans des circonstances normales, les trompes d'Eustache sont ferm\u00e9es, mais chaque fois que nous avalons ou b\u00e2illons, les muscles de notre gorge permettent une petite ouverture transitoire qui suffit \u00e0 ventiler notre oreille moyenne et \u00e0 compenser la pression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nothing challenges our ears and Eustachian tubes more than scuba and breath-hold diving. To become a safe scuba diver and avoid middle-ear injuries, it is essential that you understand the effects of Boyle\u2019s law and learn how to actively let air into your middle ears via the Eustachian tubes. In the following sections, you will find different equalization techniques for you to try.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lors de l'ascension, la pression environnante diminue et la pression dans l'oreille moyenne reste plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e si le gaz n'a aucun moyen de quitter la cavit\u00e9 de l'oreille moyenne. Lorsque la pression dans l'oreille moyenne d\u00e9passe la pression environnante de 15 \u00e0 80 centim\u00e8tres d'eau (cm H<sub>2<\/sub>O), ce qui correspond \u00e0 une mont\u00e9e dans l'eau de 0,5 \u00e0 2,5 pieds, les trompes d'Eustache s'ouvrent et le surplus de gaz s'\u00e9chappe. Si vos oreilles ne s'\u00e9galisent pas \u00e0 la m\u00eame vitesse et que la diff\u00e9rence de pression atteint environ 66 cm H<sub>2<\/sub>O (2 pieds), un vertige d\u00fb \u00e0 un stimulus de pression in\u00e9gale (vertige alternobarique) peut se produire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les infections des voies respiratoires sup\u00e9rieures, le rhume des foins, les allergies, l'inhalation de m\u00e9dicaments, le tabagisme ou une d\u00e9viation de la cloison nasale peuvent compromettre l'\u00e9galisation. Lorsqu'elles sont correctement employ\u00e9es, les techniques suivantes sont efficaces pour le squeeze de l'oreille moyenne et des sinus chez les sujets sains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Techniques d'\u00e9galisation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Passive :<\/em>&nbsp;Ne n\u00e9cessite aucun effort. Se produit pendant l'ascension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Ouverture volontaire des trompes:<\/em> Essayez de b\u00e2iller ou de remuer la m\u00e2choire. Jusqu'\u00e0 30 % des plongeurs parviennent \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser cette technique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Man\u0153uvre de Valsalva:<\/em>Pincez vos narines et soufflez doucement par le nez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Man\u0153uvre de Toynbee:<\/em>Pincez vos narines et d\u00e9glutissez (bonne technique si une \u00e9galisation est n\u00e9cessaire pendant la mont\u00e9e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Man\u0153uvre de Frenzel:<\/em>Pincez vos narines tout en contractant les muscles de votre gorge et faites le son de la lettre \"k\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Technique de Lowry:<\/em>Pincez vos narines et essayez doucement de souffler de l'air par le nez tout en avalant (pensez \u00e0 la man\u0153uvre de Valsalva et \u00e0 la man\u0153uvre de Toynbee).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><em>Technique d'Edmonds:<\/em>Poussez votre m\u00e2choire vers l'avant et effectuez la man\u0153uvre de Valsalva ou la man\u0153uvre de Frenzel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/middle-ear-equalization-148755551-DAN-800x500-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/middle-ear-equalization-148755551-DAN-800x500-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/middle-ear-equalization-148755551-DAN-800x500-1-360x225.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/middle-ear-equalization-148755551-DAN-800x500-1-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/middle-ear-equalization-148755551-DAN-800x500-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>La man\u0153uvre de Toynbee est une technique efficace pour \u00e9galiser les oreilles pendant l'ascension.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conseils pour l'\u00e9galisation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Avant la descente, alors que vous \u00eates en flottabilit\u00e9 neutre, sans air dans votre dispositif de contr\u00f4le de la flottabilit\u00e9 (BCD), gonflez doucement vos oreilles \u00e0 l'aide de l'une des techniques \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9es. Vous aurez ainsi un peu plus d'air dans l'oreille moyenne et les sinus pendant la descente.<\/li><li>Descendez les pieds en premier, si possible. Cela permet \u00e0 l'air de remonter dans la trompe d'Eustache et l'oreille moyenne, une direction plus naturelle. Utilisez une ligne de descente ou la ligne d'ancrage pour contr\u00f4ler la vitesse de descente.<\/li><li>Gonflez l\u00e9g\u00e8rement vos oreilles tous les quelques m\u00e8tres pendant les 10 \u00e0 15 premiers m\u00e8tres.<\/li><li>La douleur n'est pas acceptable. S'il y a de la douleur, c'est que vous \u00eates descendu sans \u00e9galiser correctement. Remontez de quelques m\u00e8tres jusqu'\u00e0 ce que la douleur cesse.<\/li><li>Si vous ne sentez pas vos oreilles s'ouvrir, arr\u00eatez-vous et r\u00e9essayez ; il se peut que vous deviez monter de quelques pieds pour diminuer la pression autour de vous. Ne rebondissez pas de haut en bas.<\/li><li>Il peut \u00eatre utile d'incliner l'oreille bloqu\u00e9e vers la surface.<\/li><li>Si vous ne parvenez pas \u00e0 \u00e9galiser, interrompez la plong\u00e9e. Les cons\u00e9quences d'une descente sans \u00e9galisation peuvent g\u00e2cher tout un voyage de plong\u00e9e ou causer des dommages permanents et une perte d'audition.<\/li><li>Decongestants and nasal sprays may be used prior to diving to reduce swelling in the nasal and ear passages. If your doctor agrees with your decision to use decongestants, take them one to two hours before descent. They should last from eight to 12 hours, so you don\u2019t need to take a second dose before a repetitive dive. Nasal sprays should be used approximately 30 minutes before descent and usually last 12 hours. Take caution when using over-the-counter nasal sprays; repeated use can cause a rebound reaction resulting in increased congestion and possible reverse block on ascent. Decongestants may have side effects. Do not use them before dive if you do not have previous experience.<\/li><li>Si, \u00e0 n'importe quel moment de la plong\u00e9e, vous ressentez une douleur, un vertige ou une perte soudaine d'audition, interrompez la plong\u00e9e. Si ces sympt\u00f4mes persistent, ne replongez pas et consultez votre m\u00e9decin.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><strong>Suivant : <a href=\"http:\/\/world.dan.org\/fr\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/ears-diving\/ear-injuries\/\">Chapter 2 \u2013 Injuries &gt;<\/a><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The ear is a complex organ that enables orientation in space, everyday physical activities and social communication. While the anatomy of the ear may be intimidating to some extent, we [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":11800,"parent":730,"menu_order":31,"template":"","dan_health_resource_types":[405],"class_list":["post-732","dan_health_resources","type-dan_health_resources","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_health_resource_types-dive-medical-reference-books"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chapter 1: Key Information - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pressure equalization in the middle ear is the most important skill for divers. 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