{"id":18860,"date":"2021-09-02T20:14:46","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T00:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.world.dan.org\/?post_type=dan_alert_diver&#038;p=18860"},"modified":"2023-06-22T11:21:21","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T15:21:21","slug":"looking-into-the-lungs","status":"publish","type":"dan_alert_diver","link":"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/id\/alert-diver\/article\/looking-into-the-lungs\/","title":{"rendered":"Melihat ke Dalam Paru-Paru"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Lahir dan dibesarkan di Swedia, Peter Lindholm, M.D., Ph.D., gemar mengoleksi kecebong saat masih kecil. Tidak diketahui pasti apakah kegiatan itu memicu minatnya dalam menyelam, tetapi ketertarikan awalnya pada alam berkembang menjadi dorongan untuk menjadi seorang ilmuwan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During medical school he joined a laboratory researching aviation, space and underwater physiology, where he developed a passion for breath-hold dive physiology, about which he wrote his doctoral thesis. He served on various committees on breath-hold diving, including the International Association for the Development of Apnea (AIDA, Association Internationale pour le D\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Apn\u00e9e). As one of the physicians for the Swedish Sports Diving Federation (SSDF), which is part of the World Underwater Federation (CMAS, Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Mondiale des Activit\u00e9s Subaquatiques), he was involved in developing breath-hold dive protocols and training the first instructors of competitive breath-hold diving. After clinical training as a radiologist, Lindholm moved in 2019 to San Diego, California, where he leads a research group focused on dive physiology and dive medicine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-uses-a-simple-device-for-extending-oxygen-supply-to-a-diver-during-field-studies-on-a-dive-boat-in-the-coral-sea.jpg\" alt=\"Lindholm memasok penyelam dengan pasokan oksigen\" class=\"wp-image-25088\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-uses-a-simple-device-for-extending-oxygen-supply-to-a-diver-during-field-studies-on-a-dive-boat-in-the-coral-sea.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-uses-a-simple-device-for-extending-oxygen-supply-to-a-diver-during-field-studies-on-a-dive-boat-in-the-coral-sea-360x277.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-uses-a-simple-device-for-extending-oxygen-supply-to-a-diver-during-field-studies-on-a-dive-boat-in-the-coral-sea-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-uses-a-simple-device-for-extending-oxygen-supply-to-a-diver-during-field-studies-on-a-dive-boat-in-the-coral-sea-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lindholm menggunakan alat sederhana untuk menambah pasokan oksigen bagi penyelam selama studi lapangan di atas kapal selam di Laut Karang.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Peter, ceritakan sedikit tentang diri Anda. Kapan Anda menjadi penyelam?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saya suka snorkeling saat masih kecil, dan orang tua saya membawa saya ke Maladewa dan Laut Merah saat saya remaja. Saya mendapatkan sertifikasi menyelam pertama saya saat berusia 16 tahun. Semua orang di Swedia harus mengikuti wajib militer selama satu tahun, dan militer memilih saya untuk menyelam pembersihan ranjau. Kami belajar menyelam hingga kedalaman 200 kaki dengan menggunakan scuba sirkuit terbuka dan alat pernafasan setengah tertutup untuk mencari benda-benda dan meledakkannya. Butuh waktu sekitar sembilan bulan pelatihan untuk menjadi penyelam pembersih ranjau, dan kemudian saya beroperasi selama tiga bulan sebelum masa tugas saya berakhir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Apa yang mengawali karier Anda di bidang fisiologi selam?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bertekad untuk menjadi seorang peneliti, saya masuk sekolah kedokteran di Karolinska Institutet setelah dinas militer dan studi sarjana di bidang biologi kelautan. Setelah sekitar dua tahun, saya menyadari ketertarikan saya untuk menjadi dokter dan mengalihkan fokus saya dari hewan di laut ke penyelam manusia. Latar belakang penyelaman saya membawa saya ke Dag Linnarsson, M.D., Ph.D., yang memiliki pengalaman dalam penelitian penyelaman dan mengelola laboratorium tempat dia melakukan penelitian ruang angkasa. Dia adalah seorang profesor baromedis; Badan Antariksa Eropa mendanai penelitiannya karena ketertarikan mereka pada penelitian kardiopulmoner yang berhubungan dengan ruang angkasa. Kesinambungan antara menyelam, ketinggian, penerbangan, dan ruang angkasa menghasilkan tesis doktoral saya tentang hipoksia akibat menahan napas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Setelah melakukan tinjauan literatur dan berbicara dengan Dr. Linnarsson, saya menemukan bahwa penelitian sebelumnya tentang penyelaman dengan menahan napas tidak selengkap yang saya pikirkan, jadi saya mulai mengajukan pertanyaan dan ide untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut. Linnarsson mendorong pekerjaan saya, dan kami melakukan beberapa proyek menarik bersama; itulah awal dari tesis saya. Saya membuat program M.D.\/Ph.D. saya sendiri, dan Karolinska sangat mendukung, meskipun hal itu memperpanjang gelar kedokteran saya dari lima setengah tahun menjadi tujuh setengah tahun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-practices-static-apnea-in-a-pool-in-sardinia-during-a-freediving-course-in-2000.jpg\" alt=\"Lindholm mempraktikkan apnea statis\" class=\"wp-image-25089\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-practices-static-apnea-in-a-pool-in-sardinia-during-a-freediving-course-in-2000.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-practices-static-apnea-in-a-pool-in-sardinia-during-a-freediving-course-in-2000-360x238.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-practices-static-apnea-in-a-pool-in-sardinia-during-a-freediving-course-in-2000-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-practices-static-apnea-in-a-pool-in-sardinia-during-a-freediving-course-in-2000-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lindholm berlatih apnea statis di sebuah kolam renang di Sardinia selama kursus menyelam bebas pada tahun 2000.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ceritakan lebih lanjut tentang proyek doktoral Anda.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ketika saya mulai membaca tentang penelitian menahan napas, saya menyadari bahwa tidak ada yang menunjukkan bahwa manusia yang menahan napas dapat menghemat oksigen. Namun, ada diskusi tentang efek penghematan oksigen pada mamalia penyelam, yang dapat menyelam begitu lama karena mereka menghentikan aliran darah ke tubuh mereka dan menghemat oksigen untuk otak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There were some discussions about whether humans could save oxygen like that. I thought it would be interesting to investigate that question, so I decided to study it during exercise instead of resting conditions. When a freediver is resting, not much blood is going to the muscles anyway, and most of the oxygen consumption already occurs in the brain, so that wouldn\u2019t be a useful model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A second necessary step was to eliminate the diving response from the equation without affecting oxygen storage. We did that by having participants use a bag to rebreathe their exhaled air, which will trick the body into thinking that you\u2019re breathing normally, but you don\u2019t get any new oxygen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the experiment with exercising human subjects, we showed that working muscles\u2019 basic vascular constriction was just enough to be significant, which means we proved a temporary oxygen-conserving effect. Some important parameters we measured were vasoconstriction, heart rate and cardiac output. The amount of blood the heart pumps out is the most critical variable, although it\u2019s harder to measure than the heart rate and oxygen levels in the lungs and blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Apakah Anda tetap terlibat dengan militer selama atau setelah masa studi Anda?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di Swedia, militer dapat memanggil Anda kembali kapan saja. Setelah Anda lulus ujian bedah di sekolah kedokteran, militer dapat menggunakan Anda kembali sebagai dokter bedah jika terjadi perang. Setelah mendapatkan lisensi medis Swedia, saya memenuhi syarat untuk mengikuti kursus dokter selam militer, yang berlangsung selama beberapa minggu dan mencakup praktik lapangan dalam pengobatan selam dan penyelamatan kapal selam. Sungguh merupakan pengalaman yang luar biasa untuk kembali setelah lebih dari 10 tahun. Saya kadang-kadang bertugas selama beberapa minggu sebagai dokter selam di unit lama saya di angkatan laut Swedia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-oversees-experiments-in-the-high-altitude-chamber-at-karolinska.jpg\" alt=\"Lindholm mengawasi eksperimen di ruang ketinggian\" class=\"wp-image-25090\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-oversees-experiments-in-the-high-altitude-chamber-at-karolinska.jpg 800w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-oversees-experiments-in-the-high-altitude-chamber-at-karolinska-360x225.jpg 360w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-oversees-experiments-in-the-high-altitude-chamber-at-karolinska-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-oversees-experiments-in-the-high-altitude-chamber-at-karolinska-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lindholm mengawasi eksperimen di ruang ketinggian di Karolinska. Ruang ini dapat memiliki tekanan dari kedalaman 500 kaki hingga ketinggian 100.000 kaki.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Apa yang membawa Anda ke AS?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saya melakukan pekerjaan pascadoktoral di University at Buffalo, di mana tugas saya membantu saya mendapatkan lebih banyak pengalaman penelitian. Supervisor saya di sana adalah Claes Lundgren, M.D., Ph.D. Saya juga melakukan beberapa eksperimen dengan Massimo Ferrigno, M.D., di Harvard. Mereka adalah peneliti penyelaman yang luar biasa. Saya kembali ke Swedia setelah tugas postdoctoral itu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My medical training was as a radiologist; I did radiology research and then became director of thoracic radiology at Karolinska. Having kids didn\u2019t leave time for me to do dive research for about five years. When my wife got a postdoctoral position at Stanford University, I took a sabbatical and went with her. I got a visiting professorship at Stanford, which got me back to doing research. I didn\u2019t have any clinical obligations and picked up some of my old ideas for breath-hold dive research. Because my interest is thoracic radiology, I researched pulmonary edema \u2014 what some breath-hold divers call \u201cthe squeeze.\u201d I had published a paper on the squeeze in 2008 from research we did with people diving in a tank with empty lungs, so I resumed that topic in 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saya dan istri saya ingin tinggal di California. Ketika University of California San Diego mengiklankan posisi di bidang hiperbarik dan kedokteran selam, saya melamar dan mendapatkannya.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-experiences-22-seconds-of-weightlessness-after-finishing-zero-gravity-parabolic-flight-experiments-to-study-pulmonary-physiology.jpg\" alt=\"Lindholm mengalami penerbangan parabola gravitasi nol\" class=\"wp-image-25091\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-experiences-22-seconds-of-weightlessness-after-finishing-zero-gravity-parabolic-flight-experiments-to-study-pulmonary-physiology.jpg 256w, https:\/\/world.dan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/lindholm-experiences-22-seconds-of-weightlessness-after-finishing-zero-gravity-parabolic-flight-experiments-to-study-pulmonary-physiology-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 256px) 100vw, 256px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lindholm mengalami 22 detik tanpa bobot setelah menyelesaikan eksperimen penerbangan parabola gravitasi nol untuk mempelajari fisiologi paru-paru.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Apa saja proyek penelitian yang sedang Anda kerjakan saat ini?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I am focusing on squeeze effects in which the lungs suffer compression at depth and problems such as immersion pulmonary edema and hemoptysis from bleeding in the lungs. I\u2019m also studying swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE). We have a large group to study in San Diego since some Navy SEAL candidates suffer SIPE when trying to pass Basic Underwater Demolition\/SEAL training.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Terlepas dari pandemi, apakah Anda masih menahan napas saat menyelam?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I did some freediving in Hawaii last New Year\u2019s, but I\u2019m more of a snorkeler now. I don\u2019t do competitive freediving. Back around 2000, when I was seriously practicing for it, I could freedive to 40 meters and breath hold for five minutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jika Anda ingin kembali ke menahan napas selama lima menit, berapa lama waktu yang Anda perlukan untuk melatihnya?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m not sure \u2014 maybe two weeks?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Catatan: Dua minggu setelah wawancara awal, Lindholm melaporkan bahwa dia merasa berkewajiban untuk menguji pernyataannya. Setelah tidak melakukan latihan menahan napas selama satu dekade terakhir, ia mampu kembali ke 4 menit dan 47 detik dalam kondisi apnea statis kering.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-collaborations-and-current-research-focus\"><strong>Kolaborasi dan Fokus Penelitian Saat Ini<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lindholm telah mendapatkan hibah kolaboratif dari Angkatan Laut untuk membangun basis data file audio Doppler lama. Ultrasonografi Doppler telah digunakan selama beberapa dekade untuk merekam sinyal audio gelembung dalam aliran darah setelah menyelam, jadi ada sejumlah besar data dari eksperimen oleh Angkatan Laut, universitas, dan DAN. Rencananya adalah untuk mengumpulkan file-file tersebut dalam basis data raksasa dan menggunakan kecerdasan buatan untuk mengotomatiskan penilaiannya sehingga para peneliti dapat menggunakan<br>data untuk lebih memahami tekanan dekompresi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lindholm juga berkolaborasi dalam studi DAN COVID-19 sebagai konsultan ahli pencitraan paru-paru dan telah menerima dana untuk proyek yang meneliti stres dekompresi pada penyelam yang menahan napas. Para peneliti telah lama mengabaikan topik ini, karena persepsi umum adalah bahwa penyakit dekompresi tidak dapat terjadi saat menyelam tanpa gas bertekanan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-dan-light-gray-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-dan-light-gray-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-explore-more\"><strong>Jelajahi Lebih Lanjut<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Saksikan Peter Lindholm mendiskusikan fisiologi penyelaman dengan menahan napas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"\/\/player-backend.cnevids.com\/script\/video\/599e0bc5737bfd327a000023.js?iu=\/3379\/conde.wired\/partner\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">\u00a9&nbsp;<em>Alert Diver<\/em>&nbsp;\u2014 Q2 2021<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Selama sekolah kedokteran, Peter Lindholm bergabung dengan laboratorium yang meneliti penerbangan, ruang angkasa, dan fisiologi bawah air, di mana ia mengembangkan minatnya pada fisiologi penyelaman dengan menahan napas, yang menjadi bahan tesis doktoralnya. Sebagai salah satu dokter untuk Federasi Selam Olahraga Swedia (SSDF), ia terlibat dalam pengembangan protokol penyelaman menahan napas dan melatih instruktur pertama penyelaman menahan napas yang kompetitif. Setelah pelatihan klinis sebagai ahli radiologi, Lindholm pindah ke San Diego, California, tempat dia memimpin kelompok penelitian yang berfokus pada fisiologi selam dan kedokteran selam.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":18862,"template":"","dan_alert_diver_categories":[466],"dan_alert_diver_issues":[464],"class_list":["post-18860","dan_alert_diver","type-dan_alert_diver","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","dan_alert_diver_categories-researcher-profile","dan_alert_diver_issues-q2-2021"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking Into the Lungs - DAN World<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.dan.org\/id\/alert-diver\/article\/looking-into-the-lungs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Looking Into the Lungs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"During medical school Peter Lindholm joined a laboratory researching aviation, space and underwater physiology, where he developed a passion for breath-hold dive physiology, about which he wrote his doctoral thesis. As one of the physicians for the Swedish Sports Diving Federation (SSDF), he was involved in developing breath-hold dive protocols and training the first instructors of competitive breath-hold diving. 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